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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is communication?
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The creation and use of symbol systems that convey information and meaning
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What is culture?
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A process that delivers the values of a society through products or other meaning-making forms. It links people to their society by providing both shared and contested values.
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What is mass media?
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The cultural industries- the channels of communication- that produce and distribute songs, novels, tv shows, newspapers, movies, etc to large numbers of people.
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What is mass communication?
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The process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old as the printed book and as new as the Internet.
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What is cross platform?
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A business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable, phone and Internet under one corporate umbrella.
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Development stage
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Inventors or technicians try to solve a particular problem.
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Entrepreneurial stage
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Invetors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for a new device
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The mass medium stage
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Businesses figure out how to markete new device or medium as a consumer product.
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Linear process
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Senders transmit messages through a mass media channel to a large group of receivers. Gatekeepers function as message filters.
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Feedback
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Consumers return messages to senders through letters to the editors, phone calls, email etc.
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The cultural model
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Recognizes that individuals bring diverse meaning to messages, given factors and differences such as gender, age, education, ethnicity and occupation. Audiences actively affirm, interpret, refashion or reject the messages and stories that flow through various channels
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Selective exposure
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People typically seeks messages and produce meanings that correspond with their own cultural beliefs, values and interests
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Skyscraper model
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Sees culture as a hierarchy with supposedly superior products at the top and inferior ones at the bottom.
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High culture
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Identified with good taste, associate with fine art. Tp of skyscrpper
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Low culture
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Popular culture. Aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses,who enjoy commercial junk circulated by the mass media such as reality tv.
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Culture as a map
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Culture is an ongoing and complicated process- rather than a hierarchy that allows us to better account for our individual tastes.
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Populism
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Tries to appeal ordinary people by highlighting or even creating a conflict between the people and the elite.
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Media literacy
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Attaining knowledge and understanding of mass media
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Critical process
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Takes us through the steps of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement.
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Internet
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Allowed for immediate two-way communication and one-to-many communication.
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ARPAnet
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Original Internet which enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system.
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Packet switching
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Broke down messages into smaller pieces to more easily route them through the multiple paths on e network before reassembling them on the other end.
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E-mail
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Developed in 1971 to send electronic mail.
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Bulletin boards
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Sites that listed information about particular topics, such as health issues.
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Microprocessor
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Miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals. Allowed for the development of PCs.
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Fiber-optic cable
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Became the standard for transmitting communication data in the 1980s.
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Web 1.0
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The first decade of the web
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HTML
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Hypertext markup language. The written code that creates web pages.
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Browsers
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The software packages that help users to navigate the web.
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ISP
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Internet service provider. Connects through dial up access.
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Broadband
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Can quickly download multimedia content.
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Directories
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Rely on people to review and catalogue websites, creating categories with hierarchal topic structures that can be browsed. (google)
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Search engines
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Allows users to enter key words or queries to locate related web pages.
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Digital communication
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Enables all media content to be created in he same basic way, making media convergence possible.
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Instant messaging
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Enables users to send and receive real-time computer messages.
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Blogs
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Sites that contain articles or posts in chronological, journal-like form, often with the readers comments and links to other sites.
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Wiki websites
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Enable anyone to edit and contribute to them.
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Social media sites
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MySpace, Facebook. Made social networking the most popular activity on the Internet.
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Media convergence
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The technological merging of content in different mass media
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Smartphone
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Can be used for activity beyond voice calls, like texting, listening to music, watching movies, connecting to the internet.
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Web 2.0
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Much more rapid and robust. Moved toward being a fully interactive and collaborative medium
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Web 3.0
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"semantic web"promising to be a layered, connected database of information that software agents will sift through and process for us.
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MMORPGs
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Massively multiplayeronline role-playing games
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Avatar
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Players identity in mmorpgs
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Advergames
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Video games created for purely promotional purposes
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In-game advertisements
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Ads for companies and products that appear as billboards or logos on products in game environment, or as screen-blocking pop-up ads
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Telecommunications act of 1996
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Overhauled the nations communication regulation.
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Portal
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All-purpose entry point to the Internet
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Spyware
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Information-gathering software that is often secretly bundled with free downloaded software. Can be used to send pop-up ads, to enable unauthorized parties to collect personal or account information
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Opt-in policies
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Favored my consumers and privacy advocates, require web sites to obtain explicit permission from consumers before the site can collect browsing history
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Opt-out policies
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Favored by data-mining corporations, allow for the automatic collection of browsing history data unless the consumer requests to "opt out"
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Identity theft
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The illegal obtaining of personal credit and identity information. Becoming increasingly common on the Internet
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Phishing
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Phony emails messages that appear to be from official websites asking users to update their personal information.
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Digital divide
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The growing contest between the information haves, those who can afford computers and Internet, and the information have-nots, those who cannot afford computers and Internet.
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Open-source software
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Amateur programmers developed software on the principle that it was a collective effort. Programmers openly shared program source codes and their ideas to upgrade and improve programs.
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Mass customization
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Media companies allow individual consumers to customize a web page or other media form, permits the public to engage with and create media as never before.
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Audiotape
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Lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make Sound editing and multi-track mixing possible
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Stereo
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Frst made in 1958 and it permitted the recording of two separate channels, or tracks, of sound.
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Analog recording
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Captures the fluctuation of sound waves and stores those signals in a records grooves or a tapes continuous stream of magnetized particles.
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Digital recording
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Translates sound wave into binary on-off pulses and stores that information as numerical code.
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Compact discs (CDs)
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Created to accompany digital recording, hit the market in 1983
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Mp3
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Created in 1992, enables you to compress digital recordings into smaller, more manageable files.
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Pop music
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Music that appeals to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region or ethnic background
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Jazz
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Developed in new Orleans as sheet music grew. An improvisational and mostly instrumental musical form absorbed and integrated a diverse body of musical styles, including African rhythms, blues and gospel.
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Cover music
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A song recorded or performed by another artist
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"the voice"
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Frank Sinatra!
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Rock and roll
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Mid 1950s, was a blues slang for sex, giving it instant controversy. It combined the vocal and instrumental traditions of pop with the rhythm and blues sounds of Memphis and the country twang of Nashville.
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Blues
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The foundation of rock and roll. Influenced by African American spirituals, ballads, and work songs from the rural south.
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Rhythm and blues
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R&b. "huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers" appealed to young listeners.
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Rockabilly
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Created by early white rockers like buddy holly and Carl Perkins when they combined country or hillbilly music, southern gospel, and Mississippi delta blues.
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Payola
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The practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to play particular songs.
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Dick Clark
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1960s influential deejay and host of American bandstand
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The Beatles
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Appeared in the united states in 1964 as the first British band to hit the top 10 charts.
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Soul
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Countered the British invades with powerful vocal performances mixing gospel and blues with emotion and lyrics drawn from the American black experience.
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Folk music
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Songs performed by untrained musicians nd passed down mainly through oral traditions, from the Bango and fiddle tunes of Appalachia to the accordion led zydeco of Louisiana
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The psychedelic era
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Named for the mind altering affects of LSD and other drugs. Many musicians in the 1960s and 70s believed that artistic expression could be enhanced by mind altering drugs.
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Punk rock
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Rose in the 70s to challenge the orthodoxy and commercialism of the record business.
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Grunge
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Represented a significant development in rock in the 1990s. It got its name from the messy guitar sound and the anti-fashion torn jeans and flannel shirt appearance of its musicians and fans
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Alternative rock
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Punk and grunge are considered to be sub categories of this. Describes many types of experimental rock music.
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Hip-hop
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The urban culture that includes rapping, cutting (or sampling) by deejays, breakdancing, street clothing, poetry slams, and graffiti art
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Gangster rap
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Most controversial sub-genre of hip hop. It seeks to tell the truth about gang violence, but has been accused of creating violence. This was from the shootings of Tupac and biggie.
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Oligopoly
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A business situation in which a few firms control most of an industrys production and distribution resources.
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A&R (artist & repertoire) agents
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The talent scouts of the music business, who discover, develop and sometimes manage artists.
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Online piracy
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Unauthorized online file sharing
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Counterfeiting
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Illegal reissues of out-of-print recordings and the unauthorized duplication of manufacturer recordings sold on the black market
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Bootlegging
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The unauthorized video taping or audiotaping of live performances, which are illegally sold for profit.
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Justin bieber
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Posted videos of himself on YouTube. He's pretty amazing. Started at age 12, by age 15 he caught much attention and signed with a record label
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Analog standard
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Adopted in 1941 by the federal communications system. It was based on radio waves and used to watch tv.
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Digital signals
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Replaced analog standard in 2009 and translate tv mage and sound into binary code and allow for improved visual and audio quality.
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Prime time program
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Airing between 8 and 11pm, when networks draw their largest audiences and charge highest ad rates. These are the most popular tv shows.
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Network era
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1950s-1970s when networks gained control over TVs content. Content was mostly dictated by CBS,NBC, and ABC
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Narrowcasting
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Providing specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups.
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Basic cable system
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Today this includes 100 plus channel lineup composed of local broadcast signals, access channels, variety channels, etc.
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Superstation
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Independent tv stations up linked to a satellite such as WGN in Chicago
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Permium channels
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Lure customers with the promise of no advertising, like HBO
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Pay-per-view
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Channels offering recently released movies or one time sporting events to subscribers who pay a one time fee to view the program
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Video-on-demand
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Enables customers to choose among hundreds of titles and watch their selection whenever they want
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Direct broadband satellite
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Present a big challenge to cable. Transmits its signal directly to small satellite dishes near or on customers homes
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Kinescope
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A camera recorded a live tv show off a studio monitor. I love Lucy
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Situation comedy
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Sitcom. Features a recurring cast, each episode establishes a narrative situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and then usually resolves it
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Domestic comedy
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Characters and settings are usually more important than complicated predicaments. The main narratives feature a personal problem or family crisis that characters have to resolve.
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Anthology dramas
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Brought live dramatic theatre to television audience.
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Episodic series
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Main characters continue from week to week, sets and locales remain the same, and technical crews stay with the program. Comes in two genres: chapter shows and serial programs
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Chapter shows
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Self-contained stories with a recurring set of main characters who confront a problem, face a series of conflicts, and find a resolution.
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Serial programs
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Open-ended episodic shows. Most story line continues from episode to episode. Daytime soaps are the longest running serial programs.
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Affiliate stations
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Stations that contract with a network to carry its programs
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Prime time access rule (ptar)
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Reduced networks control of prime-time programming from four to three hours. Was an effort to encourage more news and public affairs.
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Fin-syn
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Financial interest and syndication rules. Constituted the most damaging attack against e network tv monopoly in FCC history
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Must-carry rules
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1972. Required all cable operators to assign channels to and carry all local tv broadcasts on their systems
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Access channels
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The nations top 100 tv markets. Mandated by the FCC in 1972 requiring cable systems to provide and fund a tier of non broadcast channels dedicated to local education, government and the public
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Leased channels
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Citizens could buy time on these channels and produce their own program or present controversial views.
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Electronic publishers
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Cable companies that are entitled to chose what channels an content they carry
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Common carriers
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Services that do not get involved in content
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Telecommunications act of 1996
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Brought cable fully under the federal rules that governed the telephone, radio and tv industries
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Third screens
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Computer-type screens, the third major way of viewing video content (behind tv and movies)
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Deficit financing
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The production company leases the show to a network or cable channel for a license fee that is actually lower than the cost of production.
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Off-network syndication
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Reruns. Orders programs that no longer run during prime time
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Evergreens
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Popular old network returns. I love Lucy
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Fringe time programming
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Imediately before prime time or after the night time news. Late night talk shows
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Rating
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A statistical estimate expressed as the percentage of households that tuned to a program
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Share
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Estimate of the percentage of homes that are tuned to a specific program compared with those using their TVs
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Multiple system operators
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Corporations that own many cable systems.
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