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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 micro features? Give an overview of what each micro feature entails? |
Editing- how a film is cut together Mise-en-scéne and lighting- what we see in a shot, how it is positioned (staging) and lit. Performance- acting styles and techniques Cinematography - camera movement and framing Music and sound- music, dialogue, effects and their relationship to the image. |
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Define editing |
How the various shots in a film are joined or cut together, ordered and juxtaposed in terms of duration and number of edits in order to deliver the films mood or message through structure, contrast and pacing. |
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What is the Kuleshov effect? |
Having a natural tendency to link images together and interpret them- projecting our own meanings onto the visual clues we see. |
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What is a cut? Cut in? Cut away? |
Cut to a new shot Cut in- when an object in or part of a previous scene is shown again in close up. Cut away- when an object visible or potentially visible outside the scene is shown. |
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What is a fade out? Fade in? |
Fade out- at the end of a shot, to a colour, usually black. Fade in- a new shot gradually lightens in. |
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What is a dissolve? Lap dissolve? Wipe? |
Dissolve- the end of shot A is superimposed over shot B giving a smooth sense of continuity. Lap dissolve- the image changes in steps instead of smoothly. Wipe- a line goes across the screen replacing one shot with another, comic book style |
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What are flashbacks and inserts? Flash-forward? |
Black and white shots may be used to underline that we are in the past and are flashing back. Moving forwards and backwards in time E.g memento |
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The features of Classical Hollywood continuity editing... What is continuity editing? |
It involves cutting shots to tell a story in the smoothest, simplest and least challenging way for the audience-ensuring narrative flow and continuity. E.g. Lighting remains constant, action remains central in the frame, match from shot to shot. |
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What is the master shot? |
This is a standard industry process. First a scene is shot in medium /long shot, then again in close up, then again as a two shot and edited and cut together. This gives a lot of editable material. |
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What is the establishing shot? |
The master shot often acts as an establishing shot, it establishes the space in which action is to happen and shows the physical relationship between the characters. |
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What are the 3 classic shots that make up most films? How long are they held for? |
Long shot- the longest take because the spectator needs more time to take in details from the wide shot, the longer the shot, the longer the take. Medium shot Close up shot- held for the least amount of time, don't need much time to look at a face for example. |
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What is the 180 degree rule? |
Everything happens in the half circle in the front of the camera. This stops the actors looking in different directions from shot to shot for no reason. The position of actors and objects in the shot would appear reversed if this rule was broken. This rule can only be broken if the progress of action is clear I.e. The audience sees the camera crossing the imaginary 180° line |
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What is the 30° rule? |
The camera must move more than 30° to stop subsequent shots looking as if they have been shot from almost the same angle and distance. |
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Shot/reverse shot? |
One shot looks down one end of the central line between 2 characters, then the next shot is from the other end, this is commonly used when characters talk to each other e.g pulp fiction. Often employed as an 'over the shoulder shot' |
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What is a graphic match? Eyeline match? |
Graphic match- the shapes in one shot are matched with similar shapes in the next shot. Eyeline match- the character looks offscreen, then the next shot shows us what they see. |
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Match on action? |
A character begins to move in one shot, we see continuation of this movement in the next shot. This can also help to create the illusion of the lapse of time. E.g a shot of a car leaving, then cut to it arriving at its destination. |
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What is cross cutting? |
When we move via editing from one set of actions happening in one place, to events happening elsewhere e.g The Dark Knight |
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What is a cutaway? |
A brief shot away from the action, that relates to it e.g a man climbs some stairs, brief cutaway to a woman waiting in a room before he reaches the top of the stairs. |
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More elements and editing techniques... How are titles used? Opening shot? Variation? |
Titles- between scenes or overlaid to give information. Opening shot- gives a sense of place, E.g a landscape or cityscape without figures. Variation- editing short shots with each other can create suspense e.g shots of a murderer juxtaposed with their victim. |
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What is temporal elliptical editing? Temporal expansion editing/overlapping editing? |
Missing out events to compress time e.g a car pulls away, then a shot to it arriving at its destination. We see the same action repeated from different angles, time is expanded, so we pay more attention. |
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What is a punctuation shot? |
A blank screen between shots to show a scene has ended. |
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What are Montage shots? |
Dissolves of external information (photographs, newspaper clippings, shots from real or fake news reels etc.), giving information in compressed form that is relevant to the film's narrative, ensuring orientation. |
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What is a cheat cut? |
Cuts that show an impossible temporal order e.g Indiana Jones making it through the trapdoor, that seems to be closing for a very long time! |
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Alternatives to classical editing... What is Montage editing? Where is it influential today? |
Russian film maker Sergei Eisenstein used Kuleshov's ideas, to develop Montage editing (juxtaposing 2 images to create new thoughts and ideas in the mind of the viewer consciously or subconsciously). The impression created by the juxtaposing images was more important than telling the story. Ironically though Eisenstein was interested in juxtaposing images of workers and exploiting business men, Montage editing has become a stable tool of advertising and MTV style video editing due to its striking use of images. |
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New wave non-continuity editing- anti Hollywood. Explain it and what they do. |
Often associated with European new wave cinema in the 1950s and 60s. One way that art house films challenge Hollywood Conventions is breaking the 30 and 180 degree rule. Continuity is broken down, revealing that film is constructed and not natural, the relationship between cause and effect is also challenged and the ideologies of Hollywood. Non sequential editing is used to play with time and events. |
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Where did non continuity editing start? Who was it embraced by? |
Started in European art house cinema and was embraced by underground film makers and music video makers. |
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Jump cut/shot? |
Breaking the 30° rule and shooting a shot from almost the same angle and distance, even though the action has moved on, this gives the impression that the camera is there, making the film feel jerky and it shocks the audience. Can be used to present anxious people, or someone on drugs. |
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Explain how shot patterns can be broken? |
A shot to shot pattern may be repeated to lead the audience's expectations a certain way and then one shot may be suddenly replaced with a new one to shock the audience. |
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What are the 2 film speeds? |
Slow motion and speeded up. Film may be slowed down or speeded up during production to expand or contract time or for comic effect. |
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What is a non-diegetic insert? |
Insertion of something from outside the plot I.e a metaphorical image or intertitle. To break up the action, organize it for us or comment on it. |
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Deliberate amateurish/poor editing? |
Deliberate amateurishness to avoid slickness and give an honest, realistic, amateur feel to a movie as though it has been shot by 'amateurs' with a camcorder. |
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Overlapping dialogue? |
Voices talking over one another, 'poor' sound quality to make us listen and reflect realism. |
