Fhd Egg, Sperm And Fertilisation

Front 1

Menopause is the end of the menstrual cycle, what is the name for the beginning?

Back 1

Menarche

Front 2

What are the two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

Back 2

FSH and LH

Front 3

What is the 'endometrium'?

Back 3

The uterine lining

Front 4

What two hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

Back 4

Oestradiol and progesterone

Front 5

The oocytes in the ovaries are in meiotic arrest - what is the name of the structure formed when follicle cells wrap around it?

Back 5

A primordial ovarian follicle

Front 6

When the ovarian cycle starts, how many oocytes start maturing due to FSH?

Back 6

8- 20 - these later secrete oestradiol

Front 7

When a follicle starts to mature, what is the first event?

Back 7

Proliferation of follicle cells - forms a thick capsule around the oocyte

Front 8

During development of the follicle, a crescent-shaped space appears, what is this called?

Back 8

The antrum. This space enlarges in a SINGLE dominant follicle that will go onto ovulation

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Front 9

What other cells are floating around in the ovary, other than follicle cells and the oocyte?

Back 9

Stroma cells

Front 10

What is the importance of the oocytes that begin developing but then regress?

Back 10

They synthesise oestradiol - which helps prepare the uterus for a possible pregnancy

Front 11

What are the names for the follicles from day 1 to 14

Back 11

Primordial follicle, primary follicle(3-5), secondary follicle(5-7), Antral follicle [early(7-9), late(9-11)], Mature Graafian follicle(12-14)

Front 12

What is the layer around the follicle called?

Back 12

Zona pellucida - coating of glycoproteins

Front 13

At what stage does the zona pellucida start appearing?

Back 13

Secondary follicle(5-7) stage

Front 14

At what stage does the antral cavity appear?

Back 14

Early antral follicles(7-9)

Front 15

FSH and LH surges before ovulation - this triggers the oocyte's meiotic cell division - forming a very small...

Back 15

...'first polar body' - stays inside the zona pellucida

Front 16

What is the name for the cells that cover the oocyte after ovulation?

Back 16

Cumulus oophorus cells.

Front 17

What is the function of cumulus oophrous cells?

Back 17

They secrete hyaluronic acid to from a bulky ECM around the oocyte (called the corona radiata), this allows only the most motile sperm to reach the zona pellucida

Front 18

What are the finger like projections near the ovaries called?

Back 18

Fimbriae

Front 19

At what stage does meiosis become arrested in the oocyte before it is ovulated?

Back 19

Early prophase - chomosomes have condensed within the NE (First polar body looks like small dot inside oocyte)

Front 20

After ovulation, at what stages of meiosis does the oocyte become arrested again?

Back 20

Metaphase II - completion of the second division (and formation of second polar body) depends on fertilisation (However, spermatozoon takes NO direct part in second meiotic division)

Front 21

The sperm carries no food reserves - where does it get its energy from?

Back 21

Fructose in the seminal fluid (and also probably uterine secretions)

Front 22

What is the special organelle in the sperm's head? And what does it enable?

Back 22

An 'acrosome' derived from the Golgi Apparatus - it enables entry through the zona pellucida

Front 23

Where is mitochondria found in the spermatozoon?

Back 23

The 'midpiece' (behind the head)

Front 24

Where are spermatozoa generated and from which diploid stem cells?

Back 24

From the seminiferous tubules of the mature testis From spermatogonia stem cells.

Front 25

What a spermatogonia stem cell divides - what is it into?

Back 25

Another stem cell and a primary spermatocyte (also diploid)

Front 26

What does a primary spermatocyte (diploid) divide into?

Back 26

Two secondary spermatocytes

Front 27

What do secondary spermatocytes later yield?

Back 27

Four haploid spermatids, which then mature into spermatozoa

(Whole darn process takes 9 weeks!)

Front 28

What is the function of a sertoli cell?

Back 28

Helps with moving differentiating germ-line cells towards the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

When sperm cell extrudes most of its cytoplasm, sertoli cell takes it up

Front 29

What is the protein used to wrap around spermatozoon cells?

Back 29

Protamines (believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization. They may allow for denser packaging of DNA)

Front 30

The ovarian surface faces into the __________ cavity, but oocytes rarely escape because the uterine end has a dilated region known as the _______ surrounded by motile ________

Back 30

peritoneal, ampulla, fimbriae

Front 31

Average lifetime of oocyte and spermatozoon?

Back 31

12-24 hours, up to 5/6 days

40 - 100 sperm ejaculated into vagina, about 100 or so make it!

Front 32

Sperm must swim against the cilia of the fallopian tube - how is this achieved?

Back 32

Prostaglandins in the seminal fluid cause contractions of the genital tract (orgasm causes a brief surge in hormones that may speed up these contractions)

Front 33

To fertilise the oocyte, a spermatozoon must undergo capacitation - what is this?

Back 33

Where the glycoprotein coat on the plasma membrane over the acrosome changes. This reacts with secretions in the female genital tract as the sperm migrates

Front 34

When the head of the spermatozoon contacts specific receptor molecules on the zona pellucida, enzymes are released (acrosome reaction), which drills a hole through the zona pellucida and exposes part of the plasma membrane .

Back 34

The factor preventing polyspermy is the release of enzymes from the oocyte to inactivate sperm receptors of the zona pellucida

Front 35

The nucleus of the fertilised oocyte and sperm are known as...

Back 35

...pronucleus

Front 36

What is the name for a fertilised egg? Where does fertilisation healthily take place?

Back 36

Zygote, ampulla of the uterine tube