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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ovaries
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Produce gametes, Secrete estrogen, progesterone and
testosterone |
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Estrogen
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Associated with characteristics typically
female: Breasts, Widening of the hips, Assists with developing the follicle and endometrium for ovulation and possible, fertilization |
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Progesterone
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Secreted by the corpus luteum ( a temporary
endocrine structure that produces progesterone), Found in greatest amounts during the second half of the menstrual cycle, Decr uterine motility, Nourishes deve zygote |
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Anterior pituitary
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releases FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone)
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FSH
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will mature the ovarian follicle
somewhat |
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when does ovulation occur
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10 –12 hrs after a massive quantity of LH is
secreted and the follicle matures |
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LH
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causes estrogen to decline and progesterone to continue after ovulation
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follicular phase
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the follicle grows and matures
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luteal phase
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the mature ovum leaves the follicle and is fertile for 6 –
24 hours |
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The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is divided into which 2 phases?
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follicular phase and luteal phase
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what happens If the ovum is fertilized?
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the egg will secrete HCG after it implants in the uterine wall (endometrium)
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what happens If the ovum is NOT fertilized?
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it will begin to deteriorate within a week
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when is the placenta fully developed?
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11-13 weeks
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what happens to estrogen and progesterone if the egg is not fertilized?
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Estrogen and progesterone
levels begin to fall |
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What happens to LH and FSH?
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rise, the hypothalamus is triggered, and in approx 14 days the menstrual cycle will begin.
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Chromosomes
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Each chromosome has 2 halves called chromatids which are joined by centromeres.
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how many chromosomes? divided into how many pairs? and how many sex chromosomes?
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every cell has 46 chromosomes divided into 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
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Mitosis
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results in the production of
exact copies of the original cell-responsible for growth & dev & production of new like cells– ex: skin |
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Meiosis
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leads to development of ovum
and sperm |
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First division: chromosomes
replicate |
The similar chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic information so that a new combination is formed. The chromosomes then
separate and divide to form 2 daughter cells that have 23 double structured chromosomes |
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second division
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the chromatids move to opposite ends of the daughter cells, divide, and produce 4 23 single strand chromosomes.
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At ovulation
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the second meiotic division begins. The egg will
contain 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome |
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In males, after puberty
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in the second meiotic division, the nucleus becomes compacted
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acrosome
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the cap that coveres the head of the sperm which contains the compacted neucleus
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Fertilization
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a sperm fuses with an
ovum to form a new 46 chromosome cell or zygote |
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where does fertilization Take place
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in the ampulla of the
fallopian tube |
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how do High levels of estrogen help the sperm get through the vagina?
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increase peristaltic movement of the sperm and the ovum through the tubes
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A mature ovum is fertile for?
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for 6 -24 hrs. Sperm can survive for 48-72 hrs
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Capacitation
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the membrane overlying the
head of the sperm is removed |
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ACROSOMAL REACTION
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-an enzyme reaction by the sperm to release hyaluronidase to break down the outer layer of the ovum and allow penetration
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what happens to the chromosoomes when the sperm unites with the egg?
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After the sperm enters, the 2 pairs of 23 nuclei unit to form one single 46 chromosome cell
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Fraternal twins
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dizygotic– two eggs, two
sperm ect… |
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Identical twins
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monozygotic– develop
from a single fertilized ovum |
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Cleavage occurs
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a rapid multiplication of the cell
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Morula:
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a solid ball of 12 – 16 cells
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trophoblast
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a ball of cells
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what happens When the trophoblast reaches the uterus?
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implants
into the endometrium |
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Chorionic villi
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Some cells will grow down into the endometrial lining and penetrate toward the maternal circulation forming villi to get nourishment
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Differentiation
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10 – 14 days after conception, the similar parts of the cells differentiate into the germ layers that will give rise to tissue, organs and organ systems.
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what is The first membrane to form?
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chorion
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chorion
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it is the outermost embryonic membrane that encircles the amnion, embryo and yolk sak. It has chorionic villi that penetrate the uterine wall- and form the fetal part
of the placenta |
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how long does Transport of the fertilized ovum take?
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3 – 7 days.
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AMNION
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the second membrane to
form. It contains: Amniotic fluid, The yolk sak, The embryo |
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Amniotic fluid serves the
following functions |
Cushions the baby, Controls the temperature, Permits symmetric growth, Prevents adherence to the amnion, Allows for freedom of mvt
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Amount of amniotic fluid
10 wks? 20 wks? After 20 wks? |
30mls, 350 mls, the amount ranges from 700—1000mls
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Oligohydramnios
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less than the expected amount for duration of gestation;less than 400ml after 20 weeks
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Polyhydramnios
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above 2000cc
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Umbilical cord- vascularity?
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Two arteries and one vein
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Arteries
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get rid of waste
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Vein
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brings in oxygenated blood
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Wharton’s jelly
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clear goo that surrounds the vessels
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PLACENTA
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IS THE MEANS BY WHICH METABOLIC AND NUTRIENt EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE BTW THE MOTHER & THE BABY– IT DOES NOT BEGIN TO DEVELOP UNTIL THE 3rd EMBRYONIC WK
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TWO AREAS OF THE PLACENTA
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MATERNAL SIDE & FETAL SIDE
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MATERNAL SIDE
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RED AND FLESHY
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FETAL SIDE
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GRAY & SHINY & INCL THE CHORIONIC VILLI ;COVERED BY AMNION (dolphin)
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SYNCYTIUM
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FUNCTIONAL LAYER OF
PLACENTA; SECRETES HORMONES |
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CYTOTROPHOBLAST
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DISAPPEARS
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COTYLEDONS
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PLACENTAL LOBES
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PLACENTA FUNCTIONS
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ACTS AS THE OXYGEN EXCHANGE, NUTRITION, EXCRETION, HORMONES PRODUCTION-hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesteron
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Estrogen: The placenta—
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estriol
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Estrogen: ovaries
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estradiol
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Estrogen: HPL
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Human placental lactogen
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FETAL CIRCULATION
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Placenta assumes func of lungs by supplying O2 and allowing fetus to excrete CO2 into maternal bloodstream
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how does O2 rich blood get to the baby?
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it enters via theumbilical vein
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UV divides into what 2 branches?
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Circulates sml amt of blood
through the fetal liver, Ductus venosus– the larger branch empties into fetal vena cava and circulates through the heart. A sml amt passes into the lungs |
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how does the blood returns to the placenta?
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through the 2 umbilical
arteries |
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where does Fetal circulation delivers most O2?
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the head, neck, brain and heart—causing cephalocaudal
development |
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How the fetus survives in a low O2
environment |
Fetal blood has more hemoglobin so it extracts max O2, Fetal hgb has high O2 affinity, More blood flow goes to the head, Fetus has increased CO and HR, Fetus has more capillaries per unit of tissue than adults
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Preembryonic
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1st 2 wks starting on
day of conception |
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Embryonic
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Day 15 until approx end
of 8 wks– baby is most vulnerable toteratogens at this time– organ differentiation and external features develop |
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critical factors governing development
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genetic make up. conception evir., teratogens, too much/ too little nutrition
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Most advanced organ in early stage
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is the heart
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what about the heart at the end of 28 days...?
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the tubular heart is beating at a regular rhythm
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Embryo
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has a “C” shaped body in
early development |
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embryo at Seven weeks
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eyes have shifted
forward |
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embryo at the End of 7th wk
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the BEGINNINGS of
all essential external and internal organs are present |
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embryo at the end of the 8th week?
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is now called a fetus– the remainder of gestation is spent refining structure and perfecting function
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fetus at 8-12wks
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FHT’s may be heard on
doppler |
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fetus at 20 WEEKS:
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FHT’S heard by stethescope, Maternal perception of fetal movementquickening
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fetus at 28wks:
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eyes open and close, Baby is 2/3 or full term size
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fetus at 32 WKS
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SUB-Q fat is being laid down
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fetus at 38 wks
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Baby is term
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Stages of labor
Cardinal movements of labor |
DESCENT, ENGAGEMENT, FLEXION, INTERNAL ROTATION, EXTENSION, EXTERNAL ROTATION, RESTITUTION AND EXPULSION
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DESCENT
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Progress of the pp through the pelvis
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ENGAGEMENT
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The BPD has passed or
reached the pelvic inlet |
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FLEXION
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when pp meets resistance
from the pelvic floor |
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Movements
Internal rotation |
begins at ischial spinesenters
transverse |
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Extension
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when head hits perineum and
deflects under symphysis pubis-born: occiput-brow-face-chin |
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Restitution
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the neck untwists and head
aligns |
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External rotation
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the head turns more to
one side to allow shoulders to emerge |
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Expulsion
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the anterior then post shoulder
emerge, then stomach, legs |
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Stages of labor
Latent phase |
0-3cm, Mostly effacement in primip, No descent, Mild UC’s
Primip: 8.6 – 20 Multip- 5.3 – 14, Cramps, backaache, light show, talking, excited |
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Active
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4 -7 cm, 2.3 – 5 hrs in primip 2.4 in multip; longer in obese patient UC’s are longer, stronger, closer q 2 – 5 x
40 – 60 secs, Beginning descent of pp, Increasing discomfort, Quieter, needs coaching |
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Transition
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8 – 10 cm primip: 3.6 hrs multip: varies, UC’s are strong, firm q 1 ½ - 2 x 60 -90 secs,Descent of pp Incr rectal pressure
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Second stage
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10cm to delivery, Up to 3 hrs in a primip 1 hr in a multip, Should be allowed to continue if all is well UC’s may decr, Perineum will bulge and flatten, Labia separate as head protrudes, Crowning, Delivery
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Third stage
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Uterus contracts to a muscular sac after birth, Placenta buckles off, Gush of blood, Change in shape of uterus, Lengthening of cord
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Fourth stage
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The first two - four hours after delivery
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