Fertactpolysperm

Front 1

We know the most about _____ fertilization.

Back 1

mammalian

Front 2

There is tremendous literature about mammalian fertilization for _______ purposes.

Back 2

contraceptive

Front 3

The egg is released in response to ___ that trigger ______, this is also known as the ____ _____.

Back 3

hormones, ovulation, progesterone surge

Front 4

The sperm fertilize the egg typically very close to where the egg was picked up by the _____.

Back 4

oviduct

Front 5

Once the egg gets to the ____ it is already done with the ____ stages and can be implanted in that form.

Back 5

uterus, cleavage

Front 6

What are the 4 basic steps in fertilization?

Back 6

get close, find the egg, penetrate the egg integuments, bind to and fuse with the oocyte's plasma membrane

Front 7

Fertilization _____ is easy but ____ it is not easy.

Back 7

in vitro, in vivo

Front 8

The sperm and egg do not start out in the same _______ ______.

Back 8

geographical vicenity

Front 9

Which 2 steps of fertilization do we know the most about?

Back 9

penetrate the egg integuments, bind to and fuse with the oocyte's plasma membrane

Front 10

We know the most about the last 2 steps because they can be studied _____.

Back 10

in vtro

Front 11

The first 2 steps cannot be studied outside of their ______ which is the _____.

Back 11

environment, uterus

Front 12

In sea urchins there is ________ of sperm to the _______ protein.

Back 12

chemoattraction, resact

Front 13

It was hypothesized and then later demonstrated that for many species the key process where sperm finds the egg is _______ ( or _____)

Back 13

chemoattraction, chemotaxis

Front 14

Chemoattraction

Back 14

the ability of cells to sense the chemical gradient of something and move towards the higher concentration of that chemical

Front 15

Chemo means

Back 15

chemical

Front 16

taxis means

Back 16

movement

Front 17

In species that do not exhibit internal fertilization the egg and sperm are just shoved outside of the ________.

Back 17

environment

Front 18

Chemoattraction is when the egg is released and produces some kind of ____ that diffuses through the ______, and ____ sense this ______ and move towards the higher source of ______.

Back 18

chemical, environment, sperm, chemical, concentration

Front 19

_____ is produced and secreted by sea urchin ____ In high abundance and it binds to a receptor on the surface of _____.

Back 19

Resact, egg, sperm

Front 20

The _____ on sperm trigger a ______ pathway that opens up a ____ channel in the sperm ______.

Back 20

receptor, signaling, calcium, head

Front 21

Wherever there is a higher occupancy of ______ receptors on the sperm head there will be a higher level of ____ in the _____.

Back 21

resact, calcium, cytosol

Front 22

The high level of calcium in the sperm head causes the cell to _____ toward the higher concentration of _____ protein.

Back 22

reorient, resact

Front 23

The average length of sperm is _____ microns.

Back 23

100

Front 24

Sperm start out in the ____ and make their way to the ______

Back 24

uterus, oocyte

Front 25

Sperm get to the right vicinity through _____, which includes ______, and sperm also use _______

Back 25

translocation, passive transport, capacitation

Front 26

Sperm find the egg through ______ and _____ by possibly sensing ______

Back 26

thermotaxis, chemotaxis, progesterone

Front 27

In passive transport there are ____ _____ In the ____ that help to create a net ____ _____ in one direction and passively carries ______.

Back 27

muscular contractions, uterus, fluid flow, sperm

Front 28

There are cells in the uterus that are _____ and have little ____ that beat the fluid over the surface to create extra _____.

Back 28

ciliated, cilia, current

Front 29

During the process of passive transport the sperm begin to under a process known as _______.

Back 29

capacitation

Front 30

Capacitation occurs _____ as the sperm passively move to the _____.

Back 30

gradually, oviducts

Front 31

Sperm have the capability of _____ but this is not the major reason for which they move.

Back 31

swimming

Front 32

Sperm will hang out at the intersection between the ____ and the _____ for some period of time.

Back 32

ovary, uterus

Front 33

In some mammals the sperm can be stored in some location waiting for ____ to occur.

Back 33

ovulation

Front 34

By the time sperm reach the oviducts they are fully ______

Back 34

capacitated

Front 35

Thermotaxis

Back 35

migration of a thermal gradient

Front 36

In thermotaxis there is a very small but reproduceful _____ in temperature of the ______ fluid as you go through _____ to the _____ region.

Back 36

increase, reproductive, isthmus, ampulla

Front 37

Fertilization occurs in the _______

Back 37

oviducts

Front 38

Sperm seem to be able to recognize _____ gradient and move towards the ______ environment.

Back 38

thermal, warmer

Front 39

Once sperm get close to the egg they use ______ to find their way to the egg.

Back 39

chemoattraction

Front 40

Chemoattractive signals guide the sperm toward the ______

Back 40

ovary

Front 41

The best candidate for the hormone that is released during chemoattraction is _______

Back 41

progesterone

Front 42

The _____ cell continues to produce _____ after ovulation, and sperm sense the _____ and chemoattract toward it.

Back 42

cumulus, progesterone, progesterone

Front 43

In sperm the ____ get reorganized to make a thin sac that sits right over the nucleus.

Back 43

golgi

Front 44

The sac that is created by the golgi is called the ______

Back 44

acrosome

Front 45

The ______ plays a large role in getting pass the ____ ________

Back 45

acrosome, egg integuments

Front 46

There are ____ egg integuments in mammals

Back 46

2

Front 47

The ______ layer is a thick polysaccharide coat primarily composed of ________ ______ and it is very ______.

Back 47

cumulus, hyaluronic acid, hygroscopic

Front 48

Hyaluronic acid

Back 48

a long chain of glycosaminoglycan

Front 49

Hygroscopic

Back 49

can bind to and hold on to water quite well

Front 50

The _______ ______ binds _____ and swells into a very thick and dense environment.

Back 50

hyaluronic acid, water

Front 51

Embedded in the cumulus layer are _____ cells and other components of supporting cells that were involved in the maturation of the ____ and in the ______ ________ process.

Back 51

granulosa, oocyte, cytoplasmic loading

Front 52

After the sperm passes the cumulus layer they need to pass the _____ _____

Back 52

zona pellucida

Front 53

Zona pellucida

Back 53

very thing acellular protein based covering around the surface of the oocyte

Front 54

In the old model, on the surface of the sperm plasma membrane there was an enzyme called ______ (_______).

Back 54

PH-20 (hyullaronase)

Front 55

In the old model, the enzyme PH-20 degrades ____ ___ and lets the sperm get through the _____ _____.

Back 55

hyaluronic acid, cumulus layer

Front 56

In the old model, once the sperm reaches the ____ _____it would undergo an _______ reaction and the contents of the ____ would fuse and be released. The contents would get the sperm through the ______ ______.

Back 56

zona pellucida, acrosomal, acrosome, zona pellucida

Front 57

The old model is largely based on ________ studies of fertilization.

Back 57

in-vitro

Front 58

In the old model, to study acrosomal reactions they would remove the _____ _____, so the sperm were not exposed to this _____.

Back 58

cumulus layer, layer

Front 59

In the new model, they found that sperm underwent _____ _____ before or while they were going through the ______ ______.

Back 59

acrosomal reactions, cumulus layer

Front 60

In the new model they found that sperm will undergo _____ reaction much earlier than when they reach the _____ ______.

Back 60

acrosomal, zona pellucida

Front 61

In the new model, they found that the sperm will penetrate the ____ ____ in a different way and not through ______ ______.

Back 61

zona pellucida, acrosomal reaction

Front 62

Some combination of events in _____ and the ____ ____ prepare the sperm to penetrate the ______ and bind to the egg.

Back 62

capacitation, acrosomal reaction, integuments

Front 63

What are the 8 things that happen during capacitation?

Back 63

albumin-mediated cholesterol efflux, removal of decapaciation factor ? , interaction with cumulus cells through cytokines? , Ca2+ influx increase, acrosomal pH increase, solubule adenylyl cyclase increase, protein kinase A and C increase, tyrosine phosphorylation increase

Front 64

What 2 things are activated during acrosome reaction?

Back 64

phospholipase C4, SNARE proteins

Front 65

You will not get a normal _____ reaction unless the sperm has been _______

Back 65

acrosomal, capacitated

Front 66

Acrosomal reaction is the fusion of the ______ membrane with the ______ plasma.

Back 66

acrosomal, sperm

Front 67

Capaciation might be important because the membrane normally has a lot of ____ in it and is ______

Back 67

cholesterol, stiff

Front 68

After ______ has been removed during _______ the membrane is a lot more flexible and is able to fuse with the ______ membrane

Back 68

cholesterol, capacitation, acrosomal

Front 69

Only capacitated sperm are capable of what 4 things?

Back 69

hyperactivation, thermotaxis, chemotaxis, and binding to the zona pellucida

Front 70

Sperm capacitation

Back 70

A series of changes in the sperm induced by chemical signals in the female reproductive tract, that increase motility of sperm and prepare it for fertilization

Front 71

If you take freshly ______ _____ and add that to eggs in a petri dish the eggs will not fertilize with a high rate of _______

Back 71

ejaculated sperm, efficiency

Front 72

The sperm need to be cultured briefly in ____ obtained from the ______ _____ from females of the same species, and then you can add the sperm to the ____.

Back 72

fluid, reproductive tract, eggs

Front 73

_______ secreted by the female reproductive cells into the fluid pull out _____ from the sperm _____.

Back 73

proteins, cholesterol, membrane

Front 74

After ejaculation, sperm have very stiff ____ due to _______ and the sperm _____ is not very _____.

Back 74

membrane, cholesterol, membrane, fluid

Front 75

Fluidity of sperm membrane increases as _____ gets pulled out.

Back 75

cholesterol

Front 76

The increase in membrane fluidity in sperm helps to activate a series of ____ ____ In the sperm plasma membrane.

Back 76

ion channels

Front 77

After activation of ion channels we get an inrush of ____, efllux of ____, influx of ______ and collectively an ____ _____ is activated which generates the secondary messenger _______.

Back 77

HCO3-, K+, Ca2+, cAMP

Front 78

cAMP is derived from _____

Back 78

ATP

Front 79

Changes triggered by capacitation result in an increase in ____ and this activates other ______ that were previously inactive in the sperm.

Back 79

cAMP, proteins

Front 80

The _____ _____ Is necessary for ______ ___ and then _______ the zona pellucida.

Back 80

acrosome reaction, binding to, penetrating

Front 81

At several different points the _____ _____ will fuse with the sperm _____ ____

Back 81

acrosomal membrane, cell membrane

Front 82

Once the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm cell membrane you get ____ _____ released.

Back 82

acrosomal contents

Front 83

After acrosomal contents have been released the sperm will have another ______ ______.

Back 83

outer membrane

Front 84

The original ____ ____ of the sperm will be gone and replaced with the ______ ____ Of the acrosome.

Back 84

plasma membrane, inner membrane

Front 85

Sperm cannot undergo acrosomal reaction unless they have been _____

Back 85

capacitated

Front 86

Sperm cannot undergo fertilization uncles they have undergone _____ ______

Back 86

acrosomal reaction

Front 87

If you do not have acrosomal reaction then the _____ that will bind to the egg are not exposed

Back 87

cells

Front 88

In the old model, the capacitated sperm remained acrosome ____ until they reacted the _____ _____.

Back 88

intact, zona pellucida

Front 89

In the old model, the binding to ____ triggered the acrosome reaction.

Back 89

ZP3

Front 90

The zona pellucida is composed of what 3 glycoproteins?

Back 90

zp1, zp2, zp3

Front 91

In the old model there are receptors in the sperm _____ ____ for _____ and when sperm bind _____ that triggers _______ ______.

Back 91

plasma membrane, zp3, zp3, acrosomal reaction

Front 92

In the new model, the acrosome reaction is triggered by something unknown in the _____ ____.

Back 92

cumulus layer

Front 93

In the new model, the acrosome reacted sperm bind to the zona pellucida via ____, and this binding triggers a change in the behavior of the sperm that allows it to penetrate the _____ _____.

Back 93

ZP2, zona pellucida

Front 94

The protein ____ is part of zona pellucida, and this is what binds to sperm.

Back 94

zp2

Front 95

Sperm-egg binding in sea urchins is mediated in a species-specific manner by a sperm protein called ____ and an egg protein called _____.

Back 95

bindin, ERB1

Front 96

Each species of sea urchin has its own slightly different version of ___ and ____ that only recognize each other.

Back 96

bindin, ERB1

Front 97

Species specific proteins are important because different species of sea urchins will live in the same ____ and they will shed their ___ into the tidal pools and let the ____ and ____ find each other.

Back 97

environment, sperm, egg

Front 98

In mammals the protein that is exposed on the sperm plasma membrane after acrosomal reaction is called ?

Back 98

Izumo

Front 99

How do we know that Izumo is important for binding to the egg?

Back 99

in knockout mice the males were infertile but the females were fine

Front 100

What protein on the egg binds to Izumo?

Back 100

Juno

Front 101

What is the main reason for which it was difficult to identify Juno?

Back 101

the interaction between a single Izumo molecule and a single Juno molecule is very weak

Front 102

The Junos need to be _____ to have stronger _____ with ______

Back 102

clustered, interactions, Izumo

Front 103

Not only the sperm _________, but also the _____ enters into the cytoplasm of the egg.

Back 103

pro-nucleus, centriole

Front 104

The centriole that the sperm contributes is important because after fertilization the zygote undergoes a series of rapid _____ ______.

Back 104

cell divisions

Front 105

Cell need _____ _____ to undergo divisions and this requires ____ ________.

Back 105

mitotic spindles, 2 centrioles

Front 106

After fertilization but before the zygote can start _____ there is a series of changes that take place that we call ___ ______.

Back 106

dividing, egg activation

Front 107

hat are the 4 steps of egg activation in rough order?

Back 107

block(s) to polyspermy, activation of egg metabolism, oocyte completes meiosis, fusion of genetic material

Front 108

Polysperm

Back 108

systems get activated so no additional sperm can fertilize the egg

Front 109

After _____ the egg begins to become ____ ___ again

Back 109

fertilization, metabolically active

Front 110

From ____ until now the egg has not been doing much in term of active _____

Back 110

ovulation, metabolism

Front 111

The cell needs to be metabolically active to get ready for rapid rounds of ____ _____ during the ____ ____ process

Back 111

cell division, egg activation

Front 112

In oogenesis _____ is incomplete there is an arrest in ______ __ which is released until _____ and there is also an arrest in _____ __ which is released after -_____

Back 112

meiosis, meiosis I, ovulation, meiosis II, fertilization

Front 113

There is a ____ division shortly after fertilization

Back 113

mitotic

Front 114

We have to fuse the ____ nucleus of sperm and egg so that the cell is ready to undergo _____

Back 114

haploid, mitosis

Front 115

Fusion of haploid nuclei of sperm and egg takes some time due to ______ of sperm and egg

Back 115

location

Front 116

When sperm fuses with the egg it does so at the ____ ____, so there is a good _____ distance that the sperm _______ has to tranverse to find the egg _______

Back 116

cell surface, physical, pro nucleus, pro nucleus

Front 117

The _____ that the sperm delivers helps to organize some _____ to make the transportation process more efficient

Back 117

centriole, microtubules

Front 118

In the journal there is evidence that after fertilization the _____ proteins in the egg plasma membrane _____ from the _____ of the membrane

Back 118

Juno, cleave, surface

Front 119

During the fusion of genetic material what 3 things occur?

Back 119

pronuclei migrate toward each other, chromosomes in pronuclei undergo DNA replication then consense and nuclear envelopes breakdown, mitotic spindle forms and zygote prepares for first cell division

Front 120

Most of the steps in egg activation of sea urchins are ____ in other species including mammals

Back 120

conserved

Front 121

In mammals and sea urchins at the beginning of _____ ____ there is a series of _____ _____ inside the fertilized egg

Back 121

egg activation, calcium oscillations

Front 122

______ ______ are a unifying theme across all mammals

Back 122

calcium oscillations

Front 123

Calcium oscillations drive all other events of ____ _______

Back 123

egg activation

Front 124

In all species there is more than 1 mechanism to block ______

Back 124

polyspermy

Front 125

in sea urchins the fast response to polyspermy is called ______ and this happens within a matter of seconds after ______

Back 125

fast block, fertilization

Front 126

Changes in _____ ______ regulate the fast block to polyspermy in sea urchins

Back 126

membrane potential

Front 127

Cells don't have and equal distribution of _____ across their plasma membrane

Back 127

charges

Front 128

In general cells maintain a more _____ environment in the ______ compared to the outside of the cell

Back 128

negative, cytosol

Front 129

The charge difference in a cell is due to unequal _____ of ions such as Na+, Cl-, Ca2+,etc.

Back 129

concentrations

Front 130

In most cells there is a _____mV to _____mV resting potential

Back 130

-60, -80

Front 131

Sea urchins have a ______ _____ _____ of -60 to -75 mV

Back 131

resting membrane potential

Front 132

A few seconds after fertilization a bunch of ion channels open up in the membrane and _____ ____ rush in and _____ ____ rush out and you get a drastic change in _____ ______ from ____mV to ____ mV

Back 132

positive ions, negative ions, membrane potential, -75, +20

Front 133

The change in membrane potential after the fast block is very potent block for other ____ fusing with the egg because there is change in the _____ of some of the _______ in the egg plasma membrane

Back 133

sperm, structure, proteins

Front 134

After rapid change in membrane potential the protein ______ will no longer have the same ______and therefore _____ and ______ cannot interact

Back 134

ERB1, shape, bindin, ERB1

Front 135

The cell cannot maintain the ____ _____ for very long because it is not the normal _______ for the cell.

Back 135

positive potential, circumstance

Front 136

The cell has to eventually pump ____ ____ out and ____ ____ back in and get the membrane potential back to the ____ _____

Back 136

positive ions, negative ions, resting potential

Front 137

The fast block to polyspermy in sea urchins is a _____block

Back 137

temporary

Front 138

Cortical granules _____ triggers the slow block to ______

Back 138

exocytosis, polyspermy

Front 139

The egg integument that is closest to the egg plasma membrane is the ____ ____; in mammals this would be the _____ _____

Back 139

vitelline envelope, zona pellucida

Front 140

In sea urchins the vitelline envelope is ____ to the egg plasma membrane through a bunch of _____

Back 140

tethered, proteins

Front 141

The cortical granules are derived from ____ during the ______ of the egg

Back 141

golgi, differentiation

Front 142

After _____ the corical granules fuse with the egg ___ ____ and release contents into the _____ _____.

Back 142

fertilization, plasma membrane, perivitelline space

Front 143

The perivitelline space is between the _____ ____ and the ______ ______

Back 143

plasma membrane, vitelline envelope

Front 144

What are the 2 key components in cortical granules?

Back 144

proteases, and glycosaminoglycans including glyucaron acid

Front 145

GAGs are very _____ and they will bind _____ and swell.

Back 145

hygroscopic, water

Front 146

When the ______ _____ swells it pushes the _____ _____ away from the egg and any sperm that get through the ____ ____ will not be able to get through stiff and rigid _____layer

Back 146

perivitelline space, vitelline envelope, vitelline envelope, hyaline

Front 147

The swelling of the perivitelline space creates a more ______ block

Back 147

permanent

Front 148

There does not appear to be any _______ ___ ____ to polyspermy in mammal

Back 148

electrical fast block

Front 149

In mammals there is an equivalant to ____ ____ which is triggered by ____ _____ exocytosis

Back 149

slow block, cortical granule

Front 150

_____ (protease in cortical granules) cleaves ____, and new sperm cannot bind to cleaved _____

Back 150

Ovastacin, ZP2, ZP2

Front 151

The mutant form of ZP2 cannot be ____ after the zona reaction

Back 151

cleaved

Front 152

The zona pellucida in mammals is equivalent to the ______ _____ in amphibians

Back 152

vitelline envelope

Front 153

The sperm go through the ____ ____ and attach to the egg membrane, this triggers cortical granule ______which we call the ___ ____

Back 153

zona pellucida, exocytosis, zona reaction

Front 154

Zona reaction

Back 154

the cortical granule exocytosis triggered by fertilization

Front 155

The contents of _____ ____ in mammals is different than the contents of _____ _____ in sea urchins

Back 155

cortical granules, cortical granules

Front 156

In cortical granules of mammals there is a protease called ____ that cleaves _____

Back 156

ovastacin, zp2

Front 157

ZP2 is a protein found in abundance in the _____ ______, this modified version of the _____ ____ cannot be recognized by other _____ therefore they cannot _____.

Back 157

zona pellucida,zona pellucida, sperm, bind

Front 158

The mutant version of ____ cannot be cleaved by ________

Back 158

zp2, ovastacin

Front 159

If zp2 cannot be cleaved by _____ then you get multiple ___ binding to the _____ _____ and fertilizing that egg and no normal development results.

Back 159

ovastacin, sperm, zona pellucida

Front 160

Calcium waves occur in the _____ of the egg as a consequence of ________

Back 160

cytosol, fertilization

Front 161

Changes in ______ _______ are seen through fluorescent dyes that do not fluoresce when they are not bound to ______ and do fluoresce when they are bound to ______

Back 161

calcium concentrations, calcium, calcium

Front 162

At the point of ____ there is very low levels of ______ but within a few seconds there is a spike in _____ in cytosol right under where ______ occurred.

Back 162

fertilization, calcium, calcium, fertilization

Front 163

The increase in calcium spreads from the site of ______ throughout the rest of the egg, then the _____ goes back to ________ levels and the wave process happens again.

Back 163

fertilization, calcium, undetectable

Front 164

In the _____, in addition to _____ gated calcium channels there are ______ gated _____ channels

Back 164

ER, IP3, calcium, calcium

Front 165

Calcium channels in _____ membrane will open up in response to ____ In the cytosol

Back 165

ER, calcium

Front 166

The calcium in calcium waves comes from ______ stores mostly in the _____ ____

Back 166

intracellular, smooth ER

Front 167

Cells work very hard under normal conditions to maintain low _____ ______ in the ____ by pumping cytosolic ____into the ______ or pumping it out of the cell.

Back 167

calcium concentrations, ER, calcium, ER

Front 168

There are calcium channels in the ____ membrane that will open with _____, and release calcium from the ____ back into the _____

Back 168

ER, stimulus, ER, cytosol

Front 169

ER is not packed tightly by the ____ as it is in most cells rather it is diffusely distributed around the _____ of the ell.

Back 169

nucleus, periphery

Front 170

At the time of fertilization there is low levels of calcium in the ______, there there is lots of calcium available in the fragmented ____ that has been pushed to the other side. This is where calcium comes from initially from _______.

Back 170

cytosol, ER, fertilization

Front 171

Ca2+ chelators bind to _______

Back 171

calcium

Front 172

Chelators

Back 172

something that binds to ions

Front 173

What is an example of a calcium chelator

Back 173

EGTA

Front 174

If you load cytosol with ______ and then you fertilize the egg you don't get _____ _____ and ______

Back 174

EGTA, egg activation, development

Front 175

Adding chelators to the cytosol is a _______approach

Back 175

LOF

Front 176

Ionophores

Back 176

bind to an ion and carry it across a membrane and then release it

Front 177

What is an example of a calcium ionophore?

Back 177

A23187

Front 178

Using calcium ionophores is a ______ approach

Back 178

GOF

Front 179

Biological membranes are normally not permeable to ____ because the ____ are______, but the _______ will mask the _____

Back 179

ions, ions, charged,ionophore,ion

Front 180

The enzyme ______ ___ activates protein kinase ____ and triggers ______ release from the _____

Back 180

phosholipase C, C, calcium, ER

Front 181

The channels on the ER open or close in response to binding to _____

Back 181

IP3

Front 182

IP3 (single ______) comes from the cleaved ______

Back 182

monosaccharide, PIP2

Front 183

PIP2 is claved by an enzyme called ______ ___, which releases _____ which can diffuse from the membrane and bind to receptors that activate ______ channels

Back 183

phospholipase C, IP3, calcium

Front 184

What is left behind from PIP2 we call _____, and this can activate other ____ ____ in the membrane which are important for ____ _______

Back 184

DAG, ion channels, egg activation

Front 185

If we preload eggs with drugs that block phospholipase C and fertilize them then we wont get _____ _____ or ______

Back 185

calcium release, activation

Front 186

In non-mammalian species _____ is already present in the ____ and either activated by a ______ carried in the _____, this requires ______.

Back 186

PLC, egg, factor, sperm, fusion

Front 187

What are the 2 models of how PLC is activated?

Back 187

activation after gamete membrane fusion, activation prior to gamete fusion

Front 188

In sea urchins the sperm binds to the _____ prior to fusion in the ____ ______ ____ and the receptor for the sperm activates ______, this requires binding to the ______

Back 188

receptor, egg plasma membrane, PLC, surface

Front 189

Mammals carry ______ which is a special version of PLC

Back 189

PLCZeta

Front 190

PLCzeta is delivered by the ____ and is not present in the ______, and it is activated by the _____

Back 190

sperm, egg, sperm

Front 191

In normal fertilization you get normal _____ ___ and ___ gets pumped back into the ___ and then released

Back 191

calcium spikes, calcium, ER

Front 192

If you grind up sperm and inject the contents of the sperm into the ____ you also get ____ _____

Back 192

egg, calcium spikes

Front 193

If you just make _____ artificially and inject it into an egg without egg and sperm contact you also get _____ ____

Back 193

PLCzeta, calcium spikes

Front 194

Males in which PLCzeta gene has been taken out are ____, they can still bind to the egg but they cannot trigger ____ ______

Back 194

infertile, egg activation

Front 195

Calcium spikes are the same in sperm ___ and in ______ ______

Back 195

extract, recombinant PLCzeta

Front 196

What are the 3 types of information you get form the calcium wave graphs?

Back 196

frequency of waves, amplitude of waves, and how many waves there are between time of fertilization and when we see the last calcium wave

Front 197

If we were to artificially block 2 waves we would see the block of _____ (____ ____) but we would not get the resumption of _____

Back 197

polysperm (zona reaction), meiosis

Front 198

If we were to alter the frequency of the waves (faster or slower) we would get some events of ___ _____ but we would not get other evetns.

Back 198

egg activation