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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is sodium content when there is peripheral edema? (high, normal, low, don't know)
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high (irrespective of sodium concentration)
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where and how does ADH work?
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in collecting duct, reabsorb water only
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what is sodium/water handling in the collecting duct?
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reabsorb water only. only under influence of ADH
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what is sodium/water handling in TAL?
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reabsorb NaCl only, no water (diluting segment)
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what is sodium/water handling in thin descending limb?
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reabsorb water only (concentrating segment)
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what is K+ path in collecting duct, with high Na+ and HCO3- in lumen?
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K+ gets excreted to retain Na+, and K+ gets excreted to neutralize HCO3-
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how does furosemide work in LOH and CD?
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In LOH it inhibits NKCC2 channel (keeps Na+ in lumen). In CD the Na+ was not put into interstitial space to make it hypertonic, therefore water will not diffuse out.
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what is the benefit/drawback of amiloride? (same thing)
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retain K+ (physiological aldosterone antagonist)
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what is acetazolamide?
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. used little for HTN now, but good for glaucoma (decreases intraocular pressure)
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how do thiazides affect Ca++?
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they promote Ca++ reabsorption (unknown mechanism)
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what is aldosterone's action?
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stimulate the Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral) and the Na+ (into cell) and K+ (out of cell) channels (luminal) in the CD. therefore water retention and K+ excretion
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what does transtubular K+ gradient (TTKG) tell us?
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if high (>7): hyperkalemia (strong driving for to get rid of it)
if low (<2): hypokalemia |
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how do you calculate TTKG?
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[Uk/Pk]/[Uosm/Posm]
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what do tubular casts mean?
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proteinaceous and cellular materials that have been washed out into urine. glomerular or tubular damage
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what affects crystals in urine?
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concentration and pH
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in UTI is there generally dilute or concentrated urine?
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dilute, because the person is drinking a lot...
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dysmorphic RBCs would come from where?
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the damaged glomerular capillary wall
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where does diabetes cause damage in the nephron?
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mesangial cell swelling and damaged vessels
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what is the equation for fractional excretion of Na?
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[Una/Pna]/[Ucr/Pcr]
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what is urine sodium like in the nephrotic syndrome?
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very low (<5 meq/L)
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where does angiotensin II work?
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in the proximal tubule - retain sodium
(also vasoconstriction and stimulate aldosterone) |
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where does aldosterone work?
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in the distal tubule/collecting duct - retain sodium (for K exchange)
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where does ADH work?
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the collecting ducts - retain water
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what is the cockroft-gault equation?
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[(140-age)*body wt]/[creatinine*50]
*0.85 for women *60 for mL/min |
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what is the formula for serum osmolality?
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2Na + glucose + urea
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