Female Reproductive System Pathology

Front 1

What are 3 normal functions of the female reproductive system?

Back 1

1) Reproduction
2) Maintenance of normal secondary sexual characteristics
3) Growth & maintenance of mammary glands

Front 2

What forms after the mature follicle is released by the ovary?

Back 2

Corpora hemorrhagic, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

Front 3

What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?

Back 3

Mesovarium + mesosalpinx + mesometrium

Front 4

What is different about the canine ovary?

Back 4

There are small ingrowths of the ovarian surface that are called subsurface epithelial structures

Front 5

The follicular components include what 3 things?

Back 5

1) Ovum
2) Granulosa cells (inner layer)
3) Thecal cells (support granulosa cells)

Front 6

How is the ovary of mares different?

Back 6

Ovary is kidney shape with a depression that is called the ovulation fossa (where the ovum is released)

Front 7

The rete ovarii in the hilus of the ovary is lined by _____.

Back 7

Epithelium

Front 8

The microanatomy of the uterus is highly variable due to _________ influences.

Back 8

Cyclic hormonal

Front 9

______ + ________ + ________= endometrium

Back 9

Luminal epithelial lining + supportive stroma + glands

Front 10

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Back 10

1) Endometrium
2) Myometrium
-Varies in thickness depending on hormonal input-expels follicles
3) Perimetrium =serosal covering

Front 11

What are 3 innate defense mechanisms of the female reproductive tract?

Back 11

1) Specialized epithelium in "external" areas with cervix acting as a gate
2) Myometrial contractions plus secretions for periodic "flushing"
3) Non-specific factors such as complement, neutrophils, macs easily recruited to uterus

Front 12

What is an adaptive defense mechanism of the female repro tract?

Back 12

Intrauterine constraints due to fetal "foreign body"
-IgG important on mucosal surfaces with IgA serving mainly to block attachment

Front 13

What promotes relaxation of the cervix?

Back 13

Estrogen

Front 14

Why isn't there more infection in the female repro system?

Back 14

Progesterone diminishes immune response
Hopefully pregnant female cervix closes down and nothing can get in the uterus

Front 15

What do prostaglandins cause related to the female repro system?

Back 15

Causes luteolysis-eliminates CL and changes hormonal balance

Front 16

What happens when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus?

Back 16

GnRH--> FSH/LH--> estrogen & progesterone excretion from gonads

Front 17

What secretes prostaglandin? What's PGs released in response to?

Back 17

Endometrium in response to increased progesterone

Front 18

What is GnRH released in response to? What makes GnRH secretion cease?

Back 18

Estrogen=starts
Progesterone=stops

Front 19

What inhibits FSH & LH secretion?

Back 19

Progesterone

Front 20

What produces progesterone?

Back 20

Corpus luteum

Front 21

What is a sequelae to chronic pyometras?

Back 21

Glomerulonephritis-pus is pouring out into urogenital tract so can get things crawling up urinary tract and get pyelonephritis

Front 22

What are 4 portals of entry into the female reproductive system?

Back 22

1) Ascending infections*
2) Hematogenous
3) Descending from ovarian bursa
4) Transneural-herpesviruses

Front 23

_______ is a common response to injury of the female reproductive system, but most compartments also mount a strong ______ response.

Back 23

Hyperplasia
Leukocytic

Front 24

The germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to _______.

Back 24

Gonadal ridge

Front 25

Different segments must _______ in the female and the testes must ______ to the _____ in the male.

Back 25

Must fuse in female
Testes must migrate to the scrotum in the male

Front 26

What are the clinical consequences of cysts in the female reproductive tract?

Back 26

Infertility
Prone to secondary infection

Front 27

What do you call a uterus that has a segment that doesn't have a lumen?

Back 27

Uterine segmental aplasia

Front 28

What are 2 animals that normally have a double cervix?

Back 28

Rabbits & possums

Front 29

What are 4 ovarian pathologies?

Back 29

1) Degeneration-various ovarian cysts
2) Circulatory
-Hematomas
3) Developmental anomalies
-Hypoplasia, cysts
4) Inflammation

Front 30

What do you call inflammation of the ovary called?

Back 30

Oophoritis

Front 31

Oophoritis is rare except in ______.

Back 31

Poultry

Front 32

Ovarian degeneration is usually linked to some form of_________.

Back 32

Hormonal imbalance

Front 33

What's the treatment for ovarian cysts in cattle?

Back 33

GnRH, because cysts are pretty much hypermature follicles that failed to ovulate before

Front 34

How do you tell the difference b/w a CL and a cyst?

Back 34

Cyst has no papilla but CL has a bump that is papilla

Front 35

Granulosa cell tumors=_____. Why so many names?

Back 35

Sex-cord stromal tumors
-Horses, cattle, dogs, cats
-Highly variable gross & microscopic appearance= multiple names

Front 36

Sex-cord stromal tumors are often hormonally active and produce androgens and estrogens, progesterone and inhibin. What's the clinical consequence?

Back 36

Estrogen: nymphomaniac
Progesterone: won't go in to heat, think they're pregnant all the time
Androgens: stallion like behavior in mares

Front 37

Epithelial tumors of the ovary include adenomas and adenocarcinomas-which are mainly in ________.

Back 37

Canines

Front 38

Epithelial tumors of the ovary are often described as _____, _____.

Back 38

Cystic, papillary (finger like processes)

Front 39

Why does ascites sometimes develop from epithelial tumors of the ovary?

Back 39

Implantation-cells float away and find a place to live and set up blood supply, see all over abdomen bc ovaries are just sitting at dorsal peritoneum and can move into lymphatics

Front 40

What is a dysgerminoma in a female like in a male?

Back 40

Like a seminoma in males

Front 41

How do dysgerminoma grossly appear?

Back 41

Spherical, smooth surface w/ homogenous white cut surface
-Looks like seminoma

Front 42

What ovarian neoplasm can metastasize?

Back 42

Dysgerminoma

Front 43

Do ovaries get teratomas?

Back 43

Yes, features as same as for testicular teratoma
-Hair is dead give away

Front 44

What are 3 pathologies of the uterine tubes?

Back 44

1) Hydrosalpinx
2) Salpingitis
3) Pyosalpinx
-Congenital aplasia, mesonephric cysts may be seen

Front 45

Specific targeting of uterine tubes by disease processes is unusual except in _______,

Back 45

Birds bc it's a large component of the tract

Front 46

What are 4 differentials for a dog testis w/ a white mass in the middle from most likely to least likely?

Back 46

1) Seminoma
-Uniform neoplasm, solid, white bulging from surface
2) Sertoli cell tumor
-White to grey, more CT
3) Interstitial cell tumor bc most common but doesn't look like one
4) Lymphoma

Front 47

What are 2 circulatory pathologies of the vulva, vagina and cervix?

Back 47

1) Edema
-Pathologic VS physiologic
2) Traumatic hemorrhage

Front 48

Vulvitis, vaginitis and cericitis can be secondary to ______.

Back 48

Trauma
-Perforation can cause peritonitis

Front 49

What are 5 primary causes of vulvitis, vaginitis and cervicitis?

Back 49

1) Granular vulvitis
-Mycoplasma & ureaplasma in cattle
2) Dourine in horses
3) Herpesviruses**
4) Chlamydophila
5) Taylorella equigenitalis

Front 50

Why can depigmentation result from herpesvirus?

Back 50

Get ulceration and scarred down --> depigmentation

Front 51

______ and _____ of vaginal and vulvar tissues can lead to nodular masses, especially in the -____. Some regress when hormonal stimulus removed.

Back 51

Hyperplasia and edema
-Bitch (fibromatous polyps)

Front 52

Leiomyomas are common in what part of the female reproductive tract?

Back 52

All over
Tend to be hormone responsive

Front 53

What are 7 tumors that can develop in the vulva, vagina, and cervix?

Back 53

1) Hyperplastic nodules
2) Leiomyomas/ leiomyosarcoma
3) Squamous cell carcinoma
4) Transmissible venereal tumor
5) Papilloma
6) Fibropapilloma
7) fibroma

Front 54

What are 3 examples of circulatory problems in the uterus?

Back 54

1) Uterine Prolapse
2) Uterine torsion
-Kills babies, but can cause minimal issues to dam
3) Periparturient trauma

Front 55

What are 4 disturbances of growth that occur in the uterus?

Back 55

1) Atrophy
2) Endometrial hyperplasia
3) Pseudopregnancy/ pseudocyesis
4) Adenomyosis and endometriosis

Front 56

Atrophy of the uterus is a normal consequence of ________.

Back 56

Anestrus
-Rarely due to hypopituitarism, wasting

Front 57

Endometrial hyperplasia occurs secondary to ________.

Back 57

Hyperestrogenism (from food source in cattle-clover) or progesterone following estrogen priming (small animals)

Front 58

What is pseudopregnancy/pseudocyesis?

Back 58

Hyperplasia w/ fluid accumulation, other reproductive tissues changes but no implantation
-Mainly dogs & goats

Front 59

In dogs with pseudopregnancy increased _____ can be demonstrated.

Back 59

Prolactin

Front 60

What is adenomyosis?

Back 60

Means gland muscle disease:
-Glandular epithelium migrates down and invades the muscle layer (myometrium)

Front 61

What is endometriosis?

Back 61

Endometrial epithelium go all the way through the muscular tunic and can land in places in the abdomen
-Areas respond to hormones so swell and secrete fluids

Front 62

What are hydrometras and mucometras? What are they secondary to?

Back 62

Fluid accumulations lacking an inflammatory component
-Secondary to congenital or acquired obstructionsof outflow of mucus

Front 63

What are 2 benign uterine masses?

Back 63

Leiomyomas (very common in bitch)
endometrial polyps

Front 64

What are 3 malignant uterine masses?

Back 64

1) Leiomyosarcomas
2) Lymphosarcoma in cattle
3) Uterine adenocarcinomas

Front 65

What are the 3 types of uterine inflammation that can develop?

Back 65

Endometritis
Metritis
Perimetritis

Front 66

Mild _______ is a normal post partum event (=lochia).

Back 66

Endometritis

Front 67

What's an example of the conformation of external genitalia predisposing an animal to infection?

Back 67

-In equine can have poor conformation that causes urine pooling in vagina and sets up for ascending infections

Front 68

What causes contagious equine metritis? How is it transmitted?

Back 68

Taylorella equigenitalis
*Reportable disease
Venereal transmission

Front 69

How does the endometrial health affect the length of estrus?

Back 69

Via PGF2 alpha release
-Diseased uterus won't release PG properly and won't cycle properly

Front 70

What is a sequel to endometrial hyperplasia?

Back 70

Predisposes for infection

Front 71

What is it called when there's two openings of the cervix because it failed to fuse during development?

Back 71

Dual cervical os

Front 72

What are 2 ovarian germ cell neoplasms?

Back 72

1) Dysgerminoma
2) Teratoma