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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Female Reproductive System Functions |
production of female gametes (oocytes) provides appropriate environment for fertilization holds embryo during development until birth synthesis of steriod sex hormones |
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Components of the Ovaries |
surface epithelium - thin layer continuous w/mesothelium Tunica albuginea - dense CT capsule Cortex - ovarian follicles, stroma (cellular CT) Medulla - loose CT and blood vessels |
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Oogonia |
differentiate from primordial germ cells ~7 million are present in the developing ovary by 5th month of gestation enter prophase in the 1st meitotic division and then stop progression |
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Primary Oocytes |
oogonia cells arrested in meiosis most transform into ovarian follicles by 7th month slowly over a lifetime, most oocytes degenerate (atresia) ovary contains ~300,000 at puberty ~450 oocytes are released by ovulation |
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Ovarian Follicles |
oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelium basal lamina surrounds epithelium - creates a clear boundary between follicle and stroma |
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Primordial Follicle |
formed during fetal life primary oocyte and a single layer of flat follicular cells found in the superficial cortex |
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Menarche |
occurence of first menstrual cycle |
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Follicular Growth and Development |
with each menstrual cycle, pituitary releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) FSH stimulates a group of primordial follicles to grow one becomes the dominant follicle destined for ovulation |
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Unilaminar Primary Follicle |
follicle lined by cuboidal follicular cells |
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Multilaminar Primary Follicle |
follicle lined by granulosa cells granulosa = stratified follicular epitheium Zona Pellucida follicular theca |
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Zona Pellucida |
thickened layer of extracellular material between oocyte and first layer of granulosa cells contains 4 glycoproteins secreted by oocytes |
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Follicular Theca |
stromal cells adjacent to growing follicle Theca Interna - well-vascularized endocrine tissue Theca Externa - fibrous tissue that merges with stroma |
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Antral/Vesicular Follicle (Secondary Follicle) |
granulosa cells secrete fluid which accumulates in spaces between layers of granulosa (follicular fluid/liquor folliculli) fluid-filled spaces coalesce to create one large cavity - the antrum contains Cumulus oophorus and Corona radiata |
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Cumulus Oophorus |
small proturberance of granulosa cells arround the oocyte that juts out into the antrum |
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Corona Radiata |
granulosa cells adjacent to the zona pellucida accompanies the oocyte out of the ovary at ovulation |
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Mature Follicle (Preovulatory/Graafian Follicle) |
single large antrum that accumulates fluid rapidly expands to a diameter of ~2cm: forms a bulge on the ovarian surface that be seen by ultrasound granulosa layer thins out thecal layers are thick |
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Follicular Atresia |
follicles at any stage of development can degenerate oocytes and follicular cells die - phagocytes clean up the debris occurs throughout life, but most significantly with drastic hormone change (birth, puberty,pregnancy) each month, all of the growing follicles that did not become dominant undergo atresia before degenerating, they produce estrogen that helps the reproductive tract prepare for development of an embryo |
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Steps Prior to Ovulation |
the oocyte completes 1st meitotic division (previously arrested in prophase) chromosomes equally divided between 2 daughter cells: secondary oocyte and first polar body second meitotic division begins but is immediately arrested in metaphase - only continues if fertilized |
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First Polar Body |
small nonviable cell from the completion of the first meitotic division |
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Ovulation |
process by which an oocyte is released from the ovary occurs around day 14 of 28 day cycle dominant mature follicle bulges against the tunica albuginea secondary oocytes ruptures through ovarian wall with corona radiata hands out near ovarian surface until drawn into oviduct |
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Stigma |
white ischemic area on ovarian capsule when secondary oocyte bulges against the wall |
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Corpus Luteum |
reorganized granulosa cells and theca interna left behind from ovulated follicle granulosa cells grow - granulosa lutein cells theca interna become theca lutein cells becomes temporary endocrine gland - produces large amount of progesterone due to LH surge for 10-12 days |
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Corpus Luteium w/out Fertilization |
cells undergo apoptosis macrophages remove remnants Corpus albicans forms |
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Corpus albicans |
dense CT scar of previous corpus luteum |
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Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy |
implanted embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) HCG promotes corpus luteum growth for 4-5 months CL secretes progesterone which mains the uterine mucosa by 4-5 months, placenta produces enough progesterone and CL degenerates into a large corpus albicans |
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Oviducts |
aka uterine tubes or fallopian tubes supported by ligaments that allow significant mobility 4 regions: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural |
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Infundibulum of Oviducts |
funnel-shaped fimbriated opening near ovary oocyte enters here after ovulation promoted by muscular contractions of the fimbriae and sweeping motions of the cilia |
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Ampulla of Oviducts |
where fertilization usually occurs |
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Isthmus of Oviducts |
narrow point near the uterus |
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Intramural/Uterine Part of Oviducts |
passes through uterine wall |
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Wall of the Oviducts |
folded muscosa lined by ciliated cells and secretory peg cells circular and longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis thin serosa |
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Secretory Peg Cells |
secrete mucus film that overs the epithelium in oviducts |
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Uterus |
4 regions: body, fundus, isthmus, cervix thick wall w/ 3 layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
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Endometrium |
mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium uterine glands and stroma (fibroblasts, collagen fibers, ground substance) 2 zones: basal and functional layer |
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Basal Layer of Endometrium |
adjacent to myometrium remains relatively constant during the menstrual cycle |
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Functional Layer of Endometrium |
contains surface epithelium and majority of the glands changes significantly w/menstrual cycle |
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Arterial Supply to Endometrium |
2 sets of small arteries arise from uterine arcuate arteries: straight arteries (only basal layer) and spiral arteries (extend to functional layer) |
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Spiral Arteries |
sensitive to progesterone grow w/functional layer when progesterone is high bring oxygen and nutrients to thickening functionalis and embryo declining progesterone causes constriction and local ischemia |
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Menstrual Cycle |
from menarche to menopause, ovarian hormones produce cyclical changes in the endometrium average cycle length is 28 days 3 phases: Menstrual, Proliferative, Secretory |
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Menstrual Period |
first 3-5 days menstrual discharge - degenerating endometrium and blood w/out fertilization, corpus luteum regresses and estrogen and progesterone drop decreased progesterone causes muscle contraction in spiral arteries (interrupts blood flow) and increased prostaglandin synthesis (producing vasoconstriction and hypoxia) basal layer unaffected |
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Proliferative Phase (Follicular or Estrogenic Phase) |
8-10 days small group of ovarian follicles begin to grow - theca interna cells secrete estrogen estrogen induces regeneration of functional layer - glands are straight tubes w/narrow lumens, mitotic figures can be found in epithelial cells and surrounding fibroblasts, spiral arteries lengthen endometrium is 2-3 mm thick by the end |
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Secretory Phase (Luteal Phase) |
~14 days, begins at ovulation corpus luteum secretes progesterone progesterone stimulates epithelial cells of uterine glands - cells secrete and accumulate glycogen, glands become coiled and lumens dilate, microvasculature includes blood filled lacunae endometrium at max thickness = 5 mm (optimal site for implantation of embryo) |
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Menses |
during menstrual period
surface epithelium, majority of glands, stroma, and blood-filled lacunae slough off as menstrual flow |
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Endomestriosis |
endomentrial glands and/or stroma grow outside of the uterus tissue responds to hormones w/bleeding |
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Leiomyomas (Uterine Fibroids) |
benign tumors of smooth muscle tissue in uterus one of the most common tumors in women |
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Cervix |
lower, cylindrical part of the uterus |
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Endocervix |
simple columnar epithelium large mucus-secreting glands thickness does not change w/menstrual cyles |
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Ectocervix |
region around the external cervical ox non-keratinized stratified squamous mucosa |
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Transformation Zone |
junction between endocervix and ectocervix squamous mucosa that was previously columnar |
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Cervical Mucus |
consistency changes cyclically in response to progesterone at ovulation - abundant water mucus that facilitates movement of the sperm into the uterus Luteal Phase - mucus is viscous and hinders sperm Pregnancy - very viscous mucus forms a plug in the cervical canal |
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Pap Smear |
cervial screening technique for detection of cervical cancer/precancerous changes |
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Cervical Cancer |
death rate has decreased by 2/3 HPV is most important risk factor in development |
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Vagina |
fibromuscular tube w/3 layers: Mucosa, Muscular, Adventitia no glands - lubrication is from cervical glands and Bartholin (Vestibular Glands) |
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Vaginal Mucosa |
stratified squamous epithelium estrogen stimulates synthesis of glycogen bacteria metabolize glycogen to lactic acid acid provides a low pH environment to protect from pathogens |
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Vaginal Adventitia |
rich in elastic tissue |
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External Genitalia (Vulva) |
Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Vestibule, Clitoris |
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Labia Majora |
longitudinal skin folds w/adipose and CT |
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Labia Minora |
hairless folds w/sebaceous glands, vessels and elastic tissue |
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Vestibule |
space between labia minora walls contain Bartholin Glands (tubuloacinar) |
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Clitoris |
erectile structure analogous to the penis |
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Mammary Glands (Breasts) |
modified apocrine sweat glands composed of 15-25 lobes of tubuloalveolar glands - each drained by lactiferous duct that empties into the nipple, separated by dense CT and adipose secretes nutritive milk for the newborn |
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Mammary Glands in Non-Pregnant Adult Women |
each lobe consists of lobules - terminal duct lobular units (TDLU) each lobule has several small, branching ducts secretory units (alveoli) are small and immature - lined by cuboidal epithelium; stellate myoepithelial cells between epithelium and basal laminae mainly dense CT and adipose changes w/menstrual cycle - breasts enlarge just before menstration b/c of edema of CT |
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Mammay Glands during Pregnancy |
hormones lead to complete maturation lobules increase in size and number - stroma is scant secretory alveoli develop fully |
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Lactation |
Alveoli are greatly dilated and active in milk production - stimulated by prolactin from anterior pituitary lumens of alveoli and ducts are filled w/milk release depends on suckling - tactile receptors at nipple base trigger release of oxytocin, oxytocin causes smooth muscle cells and myepithelial cells of ducts to contract and eject milk |
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Prolactin |
from anterior pituitary stimulates milk production |
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Colostrum |
produced first higher in protein |
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Breast Milk |
protein, lipid, and carbohydrates milk is synthesized and packaged into secretory vesicles then released by exocytosis lipid droplets undergo apocrine secretion Lactose - major carb and energy source in milk - secreted by exocytosis w/lactalbumin |
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Oxytocin |
released by tactile receptors at the base of the nipple causes smooth muscle cells and myoepithelial cells of ducts and alveoli to contract and eject milk |
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Potlactational Change |
lobules regress and atrophy most alveoli degenerate epithelial cells undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed duct system returns to inactive state |
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Mammary Glands after Menopause |
mammary tissue further reduced lose of fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers in stroma predominately fatty tissue |
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Breast Cancer |
usually arises in epithlium from TDLUs most common cancer in women cancer cells often spread to axillary lymphs nodes early detection significantly reduces mortality - self exam, mammography, ultrasound |
