Female Reproductive System

Front 1

Human reproductive system functions

Back 1

ensure the sexual maturation of each individual, produce reproductive cells known as gametes, combining gametes

Front 2

What are the 4 female and male reproductive system homologues ?

Back 2

ovary-testis, clitoris-glans of penis, labia majora-scrotum, vestibular glands--bulbourethral glands

Front 3

What is the function of the ovary-- testis system homologues?

Back 3

produce games and sex hormones

Front 4

What is the function of the clitoris--glans of penis system homologues?

Back 4

contain autonomic nervous system axons that stimulate arousal and sexual climax feelings

Front 5

What is the function of the labia majora--scrotum system homologues?

Back 5

protect and cover some reproductive structures

Front 6

What is the function of the vestibular glands--bulbournethral glands system homologues?

Back 6

secrete mucus for lubrication

Front 7

Primary sex organs are called _______? (females vs males)

Back 7

gonads, ovaries, testes

Front 8

Gonads produce mature _______ ______ that unite at fertilization to form a ______ cell giving rise to a new individual (females vs males) ?

Back 8

haploid gametes, diploid, ova, spermatozoa

Front 9

Gonads produce ____ ______ affecting maturation, development and activity of reproductive system organs (females vs males)?

Back 9

sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, androgens (testosterone)

Front 10

What are the secondary sex characteristics that become more prominent at puberty?

Back 10

gonads secrete sex hormones, breast enlargement in females, pubic and axillary hair in both sexes, reproductive organs become fully functional, gametes mature

Front 11

Female typically produce and release a single _____ monthly

Back 11

oocyte

Front 12

male produce _____ million sperm daily

Back 12

100

Front 13

Male gametes are stored for a short time in the _____ _____ if they are not expelled from the body they are resorbed

Back 13

duct system

Front 14

Females begin gamete formation before _____; males at _______

Back 14

birth, puberty

Front 15

Perineum

Back 15

diamond shaped area between thighs bounded by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity, and coccyx

Front 16

Describe the subdivisions of the perineum (female vs male)?

Back 16

urogenital triangle (contains urethral and vaginal orifaces in females; base of penis and scrotum in males) and anal triangle

Front 17

What is the blood and nerve supply in the perineum?

Back 17

internal pudenal vessels and nerves

Front 18

Female reproductive system functions

Back 18

produces gametes (ova), supports a developing embryo/fetus, undergoes changes according to the menstrual cycle, delivers newborn, provides sustenance for newborn

Front 19

What are the female reproductive organs?

Back 19

ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands

Front 20

Cortex in ovary

Back 20

outer portion containing follicles with oocytes and corpusluteum in reproductive-aged women

Front 21

medulla in ovary

Back 21

inner core containing connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves

Front 22

germinal epithelium in ovary

Back 22

outer covering of the ovary consisting of a simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 23

________ begins before birth. Initially, the ovary contains ______ ______ ______ that differentiate into ______. Oogonia are _____ cellscontaining 23 pairs of chromosomes and are the stem cells for female gametes

Back 23

oogenesis, primordial germ cells, oogonia, diploid

Front 24

In the fetus, the oogonia divide and then start the process of _____ (beginning of gamete formation) but they are stopped at _____ _______. At this point, the cells are called _____ _______.

Back 24

meiosis, early meiosis I, primary oocytes

Front 25

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flattened ______ ______

Back 25

follicular cells

Front 26

The primary oocyte plus the follicular cells form a ________ ______

Back 26

primordial follicle

Front 27

At birth each ovary contains approximately ____ to ____ million primordial follicles

Back 27

1.5 to 2

Front 28

The primary oocytes in the primordial follicles remain arrested in meiosis I until ______

Back 28

puberty

Front 29

At puberty the ovaries are activated when the hypothalamus releases _____ that stimulates the release of ______ and ____ from the anterior pituitary gland

Back 29

GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)

Front 30

The levels of FSH and LH vary in a cyclical pattern and this is responsible for the _____ ____ _____

Back 30

monthly ovarian cycle

Front 31

At puberty, each ______ consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support the oocyte

Back 31

follicle

Front 32

Primordial follicle

Back 32

primaryoocyte (stuckin meiosis I) surrounded by single layer offlattened follicle cells; the only viable follicles present before puberty

Front 33

primary follicle

Back 33

primaryoocyte (stuckin meiosis I)surrounded by zona pellucida (egg shell) and several layers offollicle (granulosa) cells. Has been stimulated to continue development

Front 34

secondary follicle

Back 34

primary oocyte (stuck in meiosis I) surrounded by multiple layers ofgranulosa cells and one or several pools of follicular fluid

Front 35

Vesicular (Graaffian) follicle

Back 35

folliclecharacterized by secondary oocyte(stuckin meiosis II)surrounded by the corona radiata,multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a single large pool of follicular fluidheld in a space called the antrum

Front 36

corpus luteum

Back 36

functional remnant of follicle after ovulation

Front 37

The uterine tubes are also known as ?

Back 37

fallopian tubes, oviducts, or ovarian tubes

Front 38

Ovum is fertilized in the _____ _____ and the zygote begins developing as it travels toward the uterus

Back 38

uterine tube

Front 39

The ovum usually takes about ___ to ___ days to reach the uterus

Back 39

5 to 6

Front 40

infundibulum

Back 40

widerfunnel-like part that helps sweep ovum into uterine tube. Lined with simplecolumnar ciliated epithelium surrounded by smooth muscle. Both help propel ovumdown toward the uterus. Fertilization usually occurs in outer 1/3rd of the tube

Front 41

pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 41

infectionsin vagina and uterus spreads into uterine tubes and pelvic peritoneum. Occursin 10% women in US. Symptoms includetenderness of lower abdomen, fever, and vaginal discharge. Can lead toinfertility (if not treated within days) as scarring blocks uterine tube and itgreatly increase the risk of tubule pregnancies

Front 42

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the uterine tube

Back 42

lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium, smooth muslce tunic

Front 43

What are the parts of the uterus?

Back 43

body (main part), fundus (rounded part where tubes enter), isthmus (narrowed region inferior to body), cervix (lower narrow neck leading to vagina)

Front 44

What are the ligaments that support the uterus?

Back 44

broadligament (mesentery folds), cardinal and uterosacral ligaments (thickened CTlining pelvis), and round ligament of uterus (anchor to anterior body wall)

Front 45

prolapse uterus

Back 45

weakenedpelvic muscles and ligaments due to child birth and/or aging. Tip of cervixprotrudes through vaginal opening

Front 46

What are the 3 main functions of the uterus?

Back 46

site of implantation, maintain and nourishes embryo/fetus, expels fetus at delivery

Front 47

What are the layers of the uterine wall?

Back 47

perimetrium (adventitia), myometrium (delivery), endometrium (glands)

Front 48

Endometrium (functional layer vs basal layer)

Back 48

sheds and is embryo/fetal support; not shed and is regnerated

Front 49

Endometriosis

Back 49

10% of women--fragments of endometrium that take hold elsewhere; respond to menstrual cycle. Leads to pain, bleeding, cysts, and infections

Front 50

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 50

released by anterior pituitary, targets ovary, required for follicle development and estrogen production

Front 51

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 51

released by anterior pituitary, targets ovary, stimulates conversion of follicle into corpus luteum after ovulation. Corpus luteum makes progesterone and estrogen, surge in LH required for ovulation

Front 52

Estrogen

Back 52

made by follicle and granulosa cells inresponse to FSH, responsible for secondary sexualcharacteristics, regenerates endometrium

Front 53

Progesterone

Back 53

made by corpus luteum, prepares uterus for implantation, inhibits ovulation

Front 54

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 54

made by embryo, maintains corpus luteum until placenta can take over, presence of HCG in urine is the basis of home pregnancy tests

Front 55

mentsrual phase

Back 55

occurs days 1-5 of the cycyle; phase is marked by sloughing of the functional layer and bleeding

Front 56

proliferative phase

Back 56

spans next 6-14 days; initial repair and replacement of the functional layer including replacing uterine glands; overlaps the time of follicle development; driven by estrogen secretion

Front 57

secretory phase

Back 57

spans next 15-27 days; driven by progesterone and estrogen secretion from the corpus luteum resulting in increased vascularization and secretion from uterine glands

Front 58

ischemic phase

Back 58

if the zygote does not implant, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone/estrogen levels drop; blood supply to functional layer is cut off and it begins dying

Front 59

The _______ layer is lost during menstruation and regenerated within the first 2 weeks of menstrual cycle.

Back 59

functional

Front 60

Functional layer is ready for implantation during the ______ phase when the glands are secreting (at the end of the cycle before menstruation)

Back 60

secretory

Front 61

Basal later of the uterus always remains as it provides ____ _____ needed for replacing the functional layer.

Back 61

stem cells

Front 62

Thickness of endometrium during cycle ranges from ____ mm after menstrual phase to almost ____ mm at secretory phase

Back 62

0.5, 8

Front 63

Time when woman is nearing menopause is called _______

Back 63

perimenopause

Front 64

What occurs during perimenopause?

Back 64

estrogen levels begin to drop due to loss of follicles over time; a woman may experience irregular periods, skipped periods, or have very light periods

Front 65

With _______ a women has stopped having monthly menstrual cycles for 1 year and is not pregnant

Back 65

menopause

Front 66

When does menopause occur and what happens during menopause?

Back 66

occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, with loss of follicles significant amounts of estrogen and progesterone are no longer secreted, since the endometrial lining does not grow, there is no longer a monthly uterine cycle with its associated menstrual period

Front 67

what is the vagina

Back 67

connects with outside the body; about 10 cm long

Front 68

hymen

Back 68

an incomplete diaphragm

Front 69

fornix

Back 69

recess formed at the superior part of the vagina

Front 70

What are functions of the vagina?

Back 70

birth canal for delivery of baby, copulatory organ, passageway for menstrual debris

Front 71

The vagina consists of what 3 layers?

Back 71

mucosa (marked by transverse folds and lined with stratified squamous epithelium), muscularis (smooth muscle tunic), adventitia (fibrous connective tissue

Front 72

central tendon of external genitalia

Back 72

knob of CT that is tendon of muscles of pelvic floor

Front 73

Episiotomy

Back 73

centraltendon can be torn by baby’shead weakening pelvic floor as the tear may heal badly. Incision made to theposterior vaginal oriface towiden it when baby’shead appears, either through middle or off to one side of the central tendon.After delivery, clean incision is stitched. (declining usage; 30% time done in US now-- controversial as maynot be necessary and it is painful during healing)

Front 74

The female external genitalia consists of ? (9 things)

Back 74

central tendon, mons pubis, clitoris, prepuce, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, hymen, urethral oriface

Front 75

What are breasts?

Back 75

modified sweat glands

Front 76

glandular structure

Back 76

undeveloped in non-pregnant women

Front 77

when does milk production begin

Back 77

starts after childbirth; released by prolactin

Front 78

Location of the mammary glands (breasts)

Back 78

located between 2-6th ribs; 15-25 lobes containing glands separated by CT septa

Front 79

areola

Back 79

pigmented skins surrounding nipple; special sebaceous glands that secrete oily substance that helps protect area from chapping and cracking due to frequent nursing

Front 80

ovarian cancer

Back 80

arisesfrom cells in the germinal epithelium. 8th most common (~1:10,000 in NE in2007). Symptoms:pelvic pain, bloating, vaginal bleeding, difficulty in eating, diarrhea

Front 81

endometrial cancer

Back 81

arisesfrom the endometrium of the uterus. More common than ovarian cancer andcervical cancer (4th mostcommon). Symptoms:vaginal bleeding, abnormal cycle, abdominal pain, white vaginal discharge inpostmenopausal women

Front 82

cervical cancer

Back 82

slow-growing,arises from epithelium at the tip of the cervix. At one time, leading cause ofcancer deaths in women. PAP smear; Papilloma virus infection is one cause.Vaccines can lower risk

Front 83

breast cancer

Back 83

most common cancer in women and second most common cause of cancer deaths in women; 1:8 chance sometime in a women's lifetime; 97% occurs in women over 55

Front 84

What are the risk factors, early detection methods, and treatment options of breast cancer

Back 84

family history, late menopause, first live birth after age 30, estrogen replacement therapy; self examine and annual mammogram; surgical removal of the mass (lumpectomy) and lymph nodes, radiation therapy, administration of selected hormone inhibitors, chemotherapy