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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What six (6) changes are associated with amenorrhoea?
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1. Vaginal dryness
2. Headaches 3. Galactorrhoea 4. Weight change 5. Hirsutism (hair) 6. Breast changes |
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List six (6) causes of amenorrhoea.
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1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
2. Pituitary tumour (prolactin secreting) 3. Hypo/hyper thyroidism 4. Exercise amennorrhoea 5. Stress / illness 6. Very low BMI |
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What causes primary dysmenorrhoea (period pain)?
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- Excess PGF2a
- Uterine muscle contraction - Uterine ischaemia (due to contraction) |
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What are the treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea?
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- Oral contraceptive pill
- NSAIDs |
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What are some secondary causes of dysmenorrhoea?
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- Cervical cancer
- Endometriosis - Fibroids - Adenomyosis - PID |
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Define the following terms:
1. Menorrhagia 2. Metrorrhagia 3. Oligomenorrhoea 4. Withdrawal bleeding |
MENORRHAGIA - prolonged cyclic menstrual bleeding
METRORRHAGIA - acyclical bleeding OLIGOMENORRHOEA - very irregular menstrual cycles WITHDRAWAL BLEEDING - after cessation of progestins. |
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What is the significance of bleeding in a post-menopausal women?
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Cervical cancer until proven otherwise.
Other causes: - Polyps - Atrophic vaginitis - Ovarian cancer |
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What investigations would you do for a women with gynaecological symptoms?
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- Detailed history
- Speculum examination - Pap smear - Bimanual examination - FBC, ELFTs, Iron, HCG, TFT, hormone profile (LH, FSH, E, P) |
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What medications can be given for dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
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- NSAIDs
- Progestins - Tranexamic acid - IUD with levonorgestrel - Danazol |
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What is the definition of menopause?
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A menstruation free period of at least 6 months (retrospective diagnosis)
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What hormonal changes are seen in the perimenopausal period?
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- Shorter follicular phase
- FSH levels increase ( to make remaining follicles more sensitive) - LH surge increases - Inhibin decreases |
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What are the symptoms of approaching menopause?
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- Hot flushes
- Shorter menstrual cycles - Night sweats - Mood changes - Vaginal dryness - Decreased libido - Headaches - Breast pain / enlargement |
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What are the risks of menopause?
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- Breast cancer
- Genital atrophy - CVS disease |
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List the main types of HRT used in post-menopausal women.
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- Oestrogen only
- Oestrogen + Progestogen - Testosterone |
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What are the risks of Oestrogen-only HRT?
What are the risks of E+P HRT? |
OESTROGEN ONLY
- Endometrial cancer. - Venous thrombosis E+P - Breast cancer - Venous thrombosis |
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Describe the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.
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- HPV strains 16 & 18
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