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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ovaries are 3-5 cm to each side of the medial plane and just above the level of the pubis. True/False
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True.
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What is the function of the broad ligament?
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The broad ligament supports the internal female reproductive organs. These include the ovary, the uterus and all adnexal structures.
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What is the mesovarium?
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The mesovarium anchors the ovary itself. It is a part of the broad ligament.
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An extended part of the broad ligamnet projects from the top of the ovary to the pelvic wall. What is the name of this portion of broad ligament?
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The suspensory ligament.
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what is the tunica albuginea?
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Each ovary is surrounded by a firm tunic epithelium called the tunica albuginea. Externally there is also a layer of simple cuboidal epithelia called the germinal epithelium.
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Where are primary oocytes found in the ovary?
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The ovarian cortex has millions of oocytes. These are formed before birth.
Gamete formation in the female requires many years. |
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Primary oocytes are arrested in the prophase 1 stage. True/False
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True.
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What is a primordial follicle?
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Primary oocytes eventually become surrounded by a thin single layer of follicle cells just after their formation. The resulting structure is a primordial follicle.
Only several hundred of the original millions of oocytes will successfully progress through the remainder of the cycle. |
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On average, the menstrual cycle lasts about how many days?
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It lasts about 28 days.
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How is day 1 of the menstrual cycle determined?
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The initial menstrual cycle includes several days of mild bleeding, its onset is designated as day 1.
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Approximately how many primordial follicles will begin to mature within the first several days of the menstrual cycle?
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About 20-25 primordial follicles will begin to mature.
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What possible roles do the degenerative follicles play, if any?
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These follicles are used to produce vital ovarian hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone.
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What type of cells divide during follicular development?
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The granulosa cells divide during follicular development.
The zona pellucida is a transparant zone around the oocyte. The theca is the outer layer. |
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Differentiate functionally, between the external and internal theca layers.
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The external theca becomes connective tissue that becomes part of the ovary itself, and the internal theca produces ovarian hormones, such as estrogen.
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What is a Graafian follicle?
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Follicles in which a liquidy appearing region has formed, are termed Graffian follicles. This liquidy region is called an antrum.
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All polar bodies undergo only 1 cell division. True/False
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False. Occasionally the first polar body may undergo another cell division. First polar bodies are programmed to degenerate. Secondary oocytes require a cytoplasm rich in nutrients, in case fertilization does occur.
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What exactly is ovulation?
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The rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of a secondary oocyte is termed ovulation.
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What causes the formation of fraternal(non-identical) twins?
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Though this is still considered a rare event, two follicles developing concurrently mature and rupture together. If both are successfully fertilized, the result is fraternal twin development.
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Differentiate between identical and non identical twins.
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Twins account for over 90 per cent of multiple births. Identical (monozygotic) twins form when a single fertilised egg (ovum) splits in two. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins develop from two eggs fertilised by two sperm, and are no more alike than individual brothers or sisters (siblings) born at different times.
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How is the corpus luteum formed?
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The cells within the Graafian follicle which stay behind in the ovary, will increase in size after ovulation has occurred and form a small yellowish gland called the corpus luteum. progesterone is a major secretory product of the C.L.
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If pregnancy is achieved, how long is the corpus luteum functional?
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The corpus luteum remains active and functional until the placenta is fully functional. It will degenerate should pregnancy not be achieved.
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Describe the corpus albicans.
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When the corpus luteum degenerates, it forms a whitish-grayish scar-like area. This is called the corpus albicans.
The corpus luteum may take as much as 14 days to recede. |
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What is the follicular phase?
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The follicular phase is the time just before ovulation. The follicular phase describes the developing follicles. When the corpus luteum is active, this is called the luteal phase.
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Once the oocyte is ejected how is it propelled?
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Within the fimbriae, the inner surface facing the ovary is ciliated. The cilia propel the oocyte forward.
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The walls of the uterine tube are muscular and the inner surface is ciliated. True/False
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True. The oocyte is propelled toward the uterus.
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Where within the uterine tube do the sperm and oocyte usually meet?
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Within the ampulla.
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What is the perimetrium?
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The perimetrium is the outermost layer of the uterus.
The myometrium is the inner muscular layer. |
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What is the cervix?
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As part of the uterus, it is a small opening, usually sealed by mucus to protect the uterus until ovulation renders conception feasible.
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While the follicle is maturing, the uterus is preparing itself for a possible pregnancy. True/False
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True
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Differentiate between the functional layer and the stratum basalis.
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The functional layer, grows thicker cyclically and develops into a rich blood supply. It then recedes. Distal to the lumen of the uterus, below the functional layer is the stratum basale, from which the functional layer grows.
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During the first several days of the menstrual cycle, follicles within the ovary begin to develop. What do they secrete in this period?
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Estrogens.
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Is there a physiological relationship between the stratum functionalis and the proliferative phase?
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Yes. In the phase of the uterine cycle the stratum functionalis of the uterus grows thicker. This is the proliferative phase. It begins around day 6, and lasts for a week.
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The phase of the uterine cycle after ovulation is called the _____________________ phase.
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The secretory phase. This is the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. It lasts about 2 weeks.
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Can the spiral glands serve as an energy source for the developing embryo?
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Yes. During the uterine secretory phase, spiral glands develop within the endometerium and begin secreting a nfluid which contains glycogen . This may serve as a fuel source for the embryo until it can get it directly from the mother.
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If pregnancy does not occur, what effect will this have on the spiral arteries?
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Without pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates. As a result, progesterone levels drop. With low progesterone levels, the spiral arteries will contract and the stratum functionalis dies. These contractions will result in the degenerating tissue to detach.
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The outer opening of the vagina is occasionally sealed at birth with a thin membrane called a _____________________-.
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Hymen.
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____________________________________- hormone is responsible for the maturation of the follicles. It is released from the_________________________________.
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Follicle stimulating hormone: Pituitary
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This substance which is released from the hypothalamus is responsible for the release of FSH and LH. What is it?
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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When estrogen levels are high, name two substances likely to be released.
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FSH/LH.
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A surge in LH is likely to trigger______________________.
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Ovulation.
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The very first mestrual cycle is termed___________________.
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Menarche
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The vaginal vestibule is flanked on either side by thin folds of sensitive skin called the______________________________.
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Labia minora.
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Where are vestibular glands found?
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Vestibular glands re found on both sides of the vaginal vestibule. These glands produce a lubricating fluid.
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What is the clinical perineum?
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It is generally defined as the surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx.
Perineal tears and episiotomy often occur in childbirth with first-time deliveries, but the risk of these injuries can be reduced by preparing the perineum, often through massage.[5] |
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What is the mons pubis?
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This area lies anterior to the labia. It is called "mons pubis" because it resembles a small berm or hill consisting of adipose tissue that rests on the pubis.
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All external female genitalia are called the_______________.
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Vulva
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Each mammary gland has approximately 5-10 cone shaped lobes. True/False
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False. It should be between 15 and 20. Milk produced in each of these is secreted through a lactiferous duct which opens on to the surface of the nipple.
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During lactation each lobe contains glandular__________________ which produce milk.
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Alveoli. These structures are collapsed when inactive.
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What are Cooper's ligaments?
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The mammary glands are enveloped in adipose tissue and secured in place by a net like structure of ligaments called Cooper's ligaments.
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What are areolar glands?
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During lactation, milk is drawn out of the breasts via suction. The pigmented area around each nipple is the areolar. These pigmented areas have glands that secrete a protective fluid.
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