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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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uterus types |
duplex- two cervices, one for each uterine horn bicornuate- one cervix, two horns (cow has smaller uterine body, mare has large, so has very large uterine horns) simplex- primates, humans- large body and no horns |
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folliculogenesis |
primordial follicle- granulosa cells + BM around oocyte, no ZP primary- gains ZP, still one later of granulosa cells secondary- gains more layers of granulosa cells, theca cells tertiary/graffian/antral- develops fluid filled antrum |
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estradiol effects on fertility |
released from the pre-ovulatory follicle [FOLLICULAR PHASE] attracts the male, promotes female receptivity increases cervical and vaginal secretions, increases vaginal cornifications opens or relaxes cervix, increases tract immune response |
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progesterone effects on fertility |
from the CL [LUTEAL PHASE] neither attractive or receptive to males, decreased secretions, closed cervix, decreased immune tract response changes in tract motility, stimulates oviduct and endometrial growth suprreses estrys and ovulation but NOT folliculogenesis or atresia |
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canine estrous cycle |
has an extended luteal phase, lack ability to lyse the CL because they are not sensitive to PGF2alpha long anestrus estrus does not follow an immediately preceding luteal phase (6-15 months of anestrus) |
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vaginal cytology |
usually parabasal cells during proestrus and estrus, increase in parabasal cells with cornification (superficial) estrus- anucleus cells may be bleeding during proestrus and estrus metestral cells- accumulated neutrophils |
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hypothalamic influence on female fertility |
females will still have a surge center (LH)
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hormones of female fertility |
LH AND required for follicular growth (largely FSH stimulated) LH indirectly stimulates follicular estradiol synthesis (makes testosterone which is converted by granulosa cells) Granulosa cells- respond to FSH- make estrogen and inhibins theca cells- respond to LG, makes androgens
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fertility throughout life |
oocyte number increases in fetal life and starts decreasing just before birth before birth- primordial germ cells become oogonia, undergo meiosis after puberty, reiniation of meiosis by LH surge, development from oogonium to fertilized embryo (potentially) |
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follicular recruitment |
n |
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lutenization |
follicular granulosa cells controlle dby FSH and secreting estrogen transform into granulosa lutein cells, controlled by LH, secrete progesterone follicular theca maintain LH receptors with less ability to maintain androgen arterioles supply rapid luteal growth if pregnant, prolactin increases (inverse of progesterone) |
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effects of hysterectomy |
ewes, does, cows- signal is local (interaction of ovarian and uterine arteries supplies PGF2a to same ovary) in hysterecomy, PGF2a can't get to the ovary and the CL will survive mares and sows- systemic supply of PGF2a. even if unilateral hysterectomy- the CL can still be lysed, will have normal cycle length |
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site of ejaculation |
canine- intravaginal equine- cervix/uterine body bovine/ovine- vaginal porcine- cervix |
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equine embryo development |
forms an embryonic capsule between trophoblasts and zona soon after entry into uterus. prevents adhesions and moves inside uterus unfertilized ova will be retained in the equine oviduct, will not enter the uterus PGE2 secreted by embryos at dat 3-4 days signals to open the door of the uterine papilla so it can get into uterus (morulla/early blastocyst) |
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cysts |
-paraovarian- adjacent to the ovary -cystic ovarian disease in cows- postpartum, will have persistent estrus, nymphomania -lutenized follicular cyst- anovulatory follicle with lutenized wall, will cause disease -Cystic CL- functions normally -tertiary follicles in mares look like cysts but they are uncommon -epithelial inclusion cysts in mares- can block ovulation fossa -subsurface epithelial structure (SES) cysts- not related to follicles, not functional, incidental findings |
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ovarian neoplasia |
-granulosa/theca cell tumors- common in the horse, may secrete hormones that cause behavior changes, not often malignant -epithelial- cystadenomas and carcinomas -germ cell- dysgerminomas, teratomas -mesenchymal- leiomyoma, hemangioma -tumor like masses-ovarian hematomas |
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uterine irregularities of growth |
-endometrial hyperplasia- occurs when pregnancy is prevented and the animal continues to cycle; proliferation exceed apoptosis over several cycles, leads to accumulation of endometrium. cystic in dogs -hydrometra/mucometra- accumulation of fluid secondary to prolonged progesterone influence + obstruction -uterine neoplasia- leiomyosarcoma, fibroleiomyoma. lymphoma |
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uterine inflammation |
progressees from endometritis to metritis and perimetritis endometritis- won't show systemic signs metritis- will show systemic signs; often a result of retained placenta. if chronic- abscesses or granulomas outcomes- infertility, sepsis, peritonitis, glomerulonephritis, pyometra |
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neopasia and disruption of normal cycling |
granulosa theca cell tumors can be hormonally active- secrete testosterone, inhibins, progesterone, AMH. usually wont cycle because of inhibins- suppresses FSH |
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membrane types |
primitive: choriovitelline- only stays prominant in horses chorioallantoic- replaces the primitive one in most mammals |
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placental types based on degree of endometrial erosion |
epitheliochorial- livestock, interdigitates with the epithelium of the fetus. no invasion, no antibody transfer (needs colostrum) endothelialchorial- carnivores, endometrial and connective tissues are eroded, some placental antibody transfer hemochorial- primates, invasion into the maternal blood vessels, extensive transplacental antibody transfer |
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types of placentas based on gross morphology |
cotyledonary- ruminants diffuse- mare, sow zonary- carnivores discoid- primates, rodents |
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incidental findings in placentas |
aminotic plaques- livestock adventitial placenation- cows hippomanes- horses cervical star- horses, site of membrane rupture allantoic pouches- horses, from sloughed endometrial cups areoli and necrotic tips- pigs marginal hematoma- carnivores |
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things that cause abnormal cycling |
malnutrition intersex endocrine disorders neoplasia old age anabolic steroids GnRH ovuplant anovulatory follicles persisent CL pregnancy suboptimal breeding management |
