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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What ae the three main debates in IR?
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1. Realism vs. Idealism/Liberalism (1920s-40s)
2. Behavioralism (1950s-60s) 3. Post-Positivist Debate 1970s-1990s (4. Constructivism) |
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Describe the Realism vs. Idealism/Liberalism debate
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*Realism is very pessimisitc; states are agressive and hostile; they operate on their own with no cooperation between states; conflict is inevitable
*Idealism/Liberalism: showed up after WWI, states can cooperate through institutions and international law; peace studies emerge |
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Describe the Behavorialism debate
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*Behavorialism examines epistemology (what is Truth [absolute truth], fact, and knowledge and how do we get it
*Comes out of the Enlightment tradition of rationality or reason *Tried to make IR a hard science; encouraged the unity of science and used the scientific method in research *Includes positivism: facts separated from value to find the truth; make political science into a hard science; reality is dependent on the observer (you can separate subject from object and separate biases to study objectively) *Truth can be acquired through reason, observation and rationality *The scientification of politics and claims that language is neutral *Develops around the prominence of neorealism or structural realism |
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Describe the Post-Positivist Debate
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*Epistemological debate on science; behavior cannot be quantified because too many variables exist
*Post-Positivist: methodological subjectivists; being more subjective, finding out the biases, and acknowledging their perspectives *eliminates the possibility of a Truth but says there are many truths; facts are not alwasy clear *The observer interacts/affects the observed *biases are present and truth is relative; doesn't entirely reject science, just adds context *Leads to the rise of new areas of research like identity politics (and how we understand them) and feminist critiques to mainstream IR *Largely influenced by post-colonial theories *Gets us to rethink theory: there are multiple truths, identities, and no single factor or Truth |
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Gendering Epistemology
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From PR
*Socialization: process by which people learn rules, roles, and relationships appropriate in their cultures; comes through family, friends, media, etc.; constructed artificially but then is internalized; for ex: what it means to be a boy/girl; dismisses agency, that individuals have any active role in development but are passive vessels *Patriarchy: what we learn through socialization; male dominated society; basic sense of position of power politically, economically, etc.; women are marginalized; male-centered society and oppression of women *Power: Influence, control dominance; power over; one actor has power over another in the traditional sense; also has power over resources and materials and can have more access to them; women are excluded ffrom power because they don't hold may positions and have been raised thinking it wasn't possible for them to achieve those positions; "Strength" as power; men tend to be physically stronger but women are more resilient to diseases, even when neglected; blames the underdogs, they are under someone else's power by their own will; stereotyping; hegemonic masculinity *Oppression and Dichotomies: stereotyping oversimplifies things, is a static definition, and blames certain groups; objectivity is arguably tainted by masculinity, devaluing the feminine; examples: masculine/feminine, intelligence/emotional, ambitious/submissive *Privelege: images in media and public life show people to aspire to; tokenism: speak for or to be blamed for one's gropu, though many not actually represent all of the group's opinions or characteristics; rely on certain traits as the norm, the faces on tv, movies, magazines, etc; choices are criticized; not asked to hide things about yourself from the public *Power of Language: acquired through socialization; male dominance in linguistics; institutionalization of language; grammar patterns; have to be aware that language is gender-biased; |
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Interactive systems of Power
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PR
*lenses and realities are interactive; we need to use lenses and understand the biases; acknowledging biases is the 1st step to understanding your realities; must be critical, not blindly accepting; blame is on everyone, everyone has biases and that perpetuates the process |
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Ancient Period of Feminism
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*4th Cent BC Aristophenes
*women withheld sex so that the men wouldn't want to go to war; early sense of women's power *they had voices but no systematic or mainstream authority |
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Three Waves of Feminism
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1. Suffrage (late 1800s)
2. Second Wave (1960s) 3. Third Wave Posties |
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Suffrage Wave
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*getting the vote; women fighting actively for their political rights
*US in 1920, England in 1918 but only if over the age of 30 |
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Second Wave
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*Civil Rights activism, Vietnam War, women want to regain their value and status
*Subcategories: Deconstruction of facts, postpositivist, where are women located, need new sources by women and about women; Recontruction of facts, add women and stir problem, we see oppression and victimization and how women are omitted; Reconstruction of theory, categories and definitions, reconceptualize how we view the world and recognize androcentrims, reconceptualize language and add a gendered lense, work redefined to include the value of housework |
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Third Wave
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*Women studies courses; aren't off to the side but readily available
*Addess reproductive health policies and population control *Concerned with women's health *developing world women and bringing in neocolonialsm *Reclaiming negative terminology like bitch |
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What are the kinds of feminism?
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1. Liberal
2. Radical 3. Marxism and socialist 4. Post colonial 5. Post modern 6. Eco-feminism |
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Liberal Feminism
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a) Argues that women are being excluded so they are fighting for equality and to break stereotypes; the add women and stir approach; remove inequality barriers and add women to existing structures; still assumes masc. roles, characteristics and understandings of the world
b) Difference to IR? Wouldn't be different at all, women would behave just as men; the only difference is there would be women present; still devalues feminine characteristics c) Applied? remove legal barriers such as women in politics or voting; problem is quotas develop and women are added in more as tokens than anything else d) appeals to everyone, if you value equality; mainstream and positivist; nothing is actually getting changed e) doesn't solve anything because attitudes aren't changed; adding women for the sake of adding them, not based on their merits; it's a starting point, but nothing more |
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Radical Femisinim
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a) main point is that patriarchy is the problem and the heart of the whole problem; male centered and women oppressed; accepts certain essentialist characteristics and values those feminine characteristics
b) IR would be different because it would be more peaceful and rational; women take on feminine characteristics and in power there would be more peace c) applied, the whole system gets flip-flopped; matriarchy vs. patriarchy d) Appeals almost exclusively to women and men become the other; argues that liberal feminism doesn't go far enough e) critiques: its essentialist and overgeneralizes characteristics by reproducing stereotypes; rejects women who don't fit the mold; cannot realistically come to be |
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Marxist/Socialist Feminism
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a) Capitalism is the root of the problem; produces exploitation and inequalities; material goods create classes replicated on the gender level (men vs. women: bourgeoisie vs. proletariat)
b) IR difference: have to reject capitalist notions and establish a new economy; completely change the system c) The application is to ahve a communist/socialist economic system in place d) appeals to lower classes, particularly women, seeking liberation from exploitation e) problem is a communist revolution is required; unlikely in US because capitalism and anti-Communist/Socialist notions are embedded in culture and government; reality is women do not fare better under socialism and those systems have not worked |
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Postcolonial
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a) main point is that it includes race, socioeconomics, and location; takes into consideration some Marxist theories and acknowledges women of color in former colonies have a diff experience than others; western imperialism is based on white hegemonic masculine values
b)Diff to IR: gives voice to the marginzalized, developing states, and minorities; western ideologies do not serve as the absolute example; neocolonialism structure of IR currently: contempt of sense of colonialism and not as many countries set up colonies but still keep the same power and economic structures in place; c) Application; remove western hegemony and domination like the Security Council of UN and World Bank; place more value on cultural diversity over global hegemonity d) Appeals to nonwhites of developing countries, specifically those marginzalized even in those countries e) Critiques: applies to a very focused group but still does not see all of the spheres; it is difficult to change the current power structure; hard to work with the Western Feminists when you say they're part of the problem |
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Post Modern Feminist aka Postie
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*post-postivist, post structuralist, post modern
a) Main point: women are all different; if you take all other feminist perspectives they all have problems; systemic and social issues create the subordination of women; partially need to deconstruct language and find the hidden meaning; truth is relative; need to study lenses b) Diff from IR: no gender roles and no stereotypes; can't just add women to the picture but must be aware of gender roles and steretypes and reject them; question and challenge positivism c) Application; put back into perspective that the small picture is important and relevant; look at things from the bottom up, like grass roots movements d) Appeals to a variety of interests/groups depending on what the issue is e) Critiques: discusses all the problems and readily admits it has no solutions; seems vague and too academic; no unification of perspectives; elitist, luxury given to Western academia to discuss the problems with no solutions |
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Ecofeminism
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Sydee and Beder
*Problem with IR is that it is a perpetuation of capitalism by supporting globalization and is patriarchical *Main point: takes together the economic exploitaion and on resources, and the impacts those have on women *Problem: goddess aspect is a bit hard to swallow for some and men are also affected by the Green Revolution a) main point: capitalism and patriarchy are problems because they dominate and exploit; dichotomies are bad; explore the human relationship with nature; Green Revolution was an effort by the Western world to help the agricultural sector of developing countries but failed misreably, creating environmental, gender relations, and economic issues and devastation *Criticisms: men suffer too; no alternative to the market economy is presented; reformist (making small changes good for now) rather than revolutionary (overhaul the system) |
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What makes up the house of IR?
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Patriarch: Realism
Matriarch: Liberalism Daughters: Neoliberalism, Liberal feminism 1st Son: Economic Neoliberalism Rebel sons: Marxism, constructivism, post modernism Fallen Daughters: Feminist Postmodern, LGBTQ Downstairs: Area studies/Comparative politics, Asian Capitalism, Peripheral/Transitional Economies Outside: Orientalism, Al Qaeda |
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Patriarch: Realism
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*Mainstream IR
*states are primary, unitary, and rational actors; doesn't matter about internal issues the state has 1 voice; theorists have to assume national behavior because that allows us to find out why they make certain decisions *Define power militarily; power of one over another *Security is about sovereignty; protecting your territory; can only be done with military; zero-sum payoffs, only 1 can win and all else lose; war is inevitable *Cyclical view of history; war then period between war and then more war; defensive vs. offensive in its approach; insecurity builds as other states improve their security measures, arms races |
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What are the levels of analysis?
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Level One: Individuals
Level Two: State Level Three: States as black boxes interacting with each other |
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Neorealism
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*takes basic principles of power, anarchy, and self-interest
*3rd level analysis; looks at polarities and their capabilities to understand structure; bipolar: two powerful states, unipolar: one powerful state *System of balancing (against) and bandwagoning (with) certain states for stability; stability is not necessarily peaceful, but there are no major conflicts *States can form alliances time to time when it is in their best interest |
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Matriarch: Liberalism/Idealism
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*states are not unitary actors
*Looks at the 1st and 2nd levels of analysis *human nature has some sot of morality and can cooperate even with completely different goals *states are interdependent, which can lead to harmonious outcomes, not necessarily to war *have cooperation because of reciprocity; long run interests are taken into account over short run; realist focuses *Linear view of history; we learn from our mistakes and they don't have to lead to war |
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Daughter: Neoliberalism
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*takes Liberalism and adds structure
*specifically examines the value of institutions *Unity facilitated by institutions; institutions create reasons to cooperate *States will cooperate in the long run |
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Son: Economic Liberalism
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*Level 1, looks at firms/individuals as actores
*free markets are desired, and the invisible hand works; lack of government intervention but rely on a self-regulating system *states choose to specialize in certain goods and trade for other goods; cooperative advantage |
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World Systems Theory
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*economic
*very critical about global economy *states are put into two levels: core and periphery *Core: developed, industrial states; periphery structure traps states in underdevelopment; must rely on periphery for raw materials *Periphery: everyone else; trapped in underdevelopment; buys the goods made out of the raw materials at elevated prices |
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Rebel Son: Constructivism
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*system is still anarchy
*states are important actors but are not the only actors *knowledge and "reality" are constructed by social settings *focus on norms and how norms influence behavior; 2nd image reversed, state's influence on the norms or systems *have to add context in order to have "identity" |
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Downstairs: Area Studies
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Examines within the states
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Downstairs: Asian Capitalism
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*for a while Asia was seen as an economic success; engaged in largely non-free market practices, which defies neoliberal economics
*market collapsed in 1990s and theorists were quick to jump in with "I told you so" |
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Downstairs: Peripheral/transitional economies
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*economies transitioning from socialist to capitalist; underdeveloped to developing
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Worldism
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*Combination of constructivism, poscolonialism, postmodern/poststructurialism
*Look through the persepective of "other"; context is important; interconnectedness *mutual accountability not just the oppressor and oppressed but everyone; interactive power; it's not about blaming the victims but reclaiming power *questions the power in norms *continuously questioning what we know, how we know it, and through what lenses *Dichotomies set the self up as benevolent and the other as demonized or irrelevant; politics of erasure *politics of erasure cannot truly erase; Cyprus politics expressed tension, but the citizens themselves actively tried to unite as an island; Cyprus: on the outskirts of West's empire and so was never integrated into civilization, neoliberal imperium marginalizes and radicalizes some groups and others try to resist but can't |
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Militarization
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*war seems fun and natural; video games, movies
*war becomes a natural element of civilization *heroism and combat are greatly valued *gangs, clothing, movies, language, and education (like ROTC) reflect it; gangs have rituals to gain status and have a military structure *enemies are objectified; can't/won't identify with them *masculine imagery of men as soliders *not just violence; taking images of military and organized/armed aggression to a point that it's so integrated into society it becomes virtually unnoticeable *emphasis on hypermasculinity |