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32 Cards in this Set

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What ae the three main debates in IR?
1. Realism vs. Idealism/Liberalism (1920s-40s)
2. Behavioralism (1950s-60s)
3. Post-Positivist Debate 1970s-1990s
(4. Constructivism)
Describe the Realism vs. Idealism/Liberalism debate
*Realism is very pessimisitc; states are agressive and hostile; they operate on their own with no cooperation between states; conflict is inevitable
*Idealism/Liberalism: showed up after WWI, states can cooperate through institutions and international law; peace studies emerge
Describe the Behavorialism debate
*Behavorialism examines epistemology (what is Truth [absolute truth], fact, and knowledge and how do we get it
*Comes out of the Enlightment tradition of rationality or reason
*Tried to make IR a hard science; encouraged the unity of science and used the scientific method in research
*Includes positivism: facts separated from value to find the truth; make political science into a hard science; reality is dependent on the observer (you can separate subject from object and separate biases to study objectively)
*Truth can be acquired through reason, observation and rationality
*The scientification of politics and claims that language is neutral
*Develops around the prominence of neorealism or structural realism
Describe the Post-Positivist Debate
*Epistemological debate on science; behavior cannot be quantified because too many variables exist
*Post-Positivist: methodological subjectivists; being more subjective, finding out the biases, and acknowledging their perspectives
*eliminates the possibility of a Truth but says there are many truths; facts are not alwasy clear
*The observer interacts/affects the observed
*biases are present and truth is relative; doesn't entirely reject science, just adds context
*Leads to the rise of new areas of research like identity politics (and how we understand them) and feminist critiques to mainstream IR
*Largely influenced by post-colonial theories
*Gets us to rethink theory: there are multiple truths, identities, and no single factor or Truth
Gendering Epistemology
From PR
*Socialization: process by which people learn rules, roles, and relationships appropriate in their cultures; comes through family, friends, media, etc.; constructed artificially but then is internalized; for ex: what it means to be a boy/girl; dismisses agency, that individuals have any active role in development but are passive vessels
*Patriarchy: what we learn through socialization; male dominated society; basic sense of position of power politically, economically, etc.; women are marginalized; male-centered society and oppression of women
*Power: Influence, control dominance; power over; one actor has power over another in the traditional sense; also has power over resources and materials and can have more access to them; women are excluded ffrom power because they don't hold may positions and have been raised thinking it wasn't possible for them to achieve those positions; "Strength" as power; men tend to be physically stronger but women are more resilient to diseases, even when neglected; blames the underdogs, they are under someone else's power by their own will; stereotyping; hegemonic masculinity
*Oppression and Dichotomies: stereotyping oversimplifies things, is a static definition, and blames certain groups; objectivity is arguably tainted by masculinity, devaluing the feminine; examples: masculine/feminine, intelligence/emotional, ambitious/submissive
*Privelege: images in media and public life show people to aspire to; tokenism: speak for or to be blamed for one's gropu, though many not actually represent all of the group's opinions or characteristics; rely on certain traits as the norm, the faces on tv, movies, magazines, etc; choices are criticized; not asked to hide things about yourself from the public
*Power of Language: acquired through socialization; male dominance in linguistics; institutionalization of language; grammar patterns; have to be aware that language is gender-biased;
Interactive systems of Power
PR
*lenses and realities are interactive; we need to use lenses and understand the biases; acknowledging biases is the 1st step to understanding your realities; must be critical, not blindly accepting; blame is on everyone, everyone has biases and that perpetuates the process
Ancient Period of Feminism
*4th Cent BC Aristophenes
*women withheld sex so that the men wouldn't want to go to war; early sense of women's power
*they had voices but no systematic or mainstream authority
Three Waves of Feminism
1. Suffrage (late 1800s)
2. Second Wave (1960s)
3. Third Wave Posties
Suffrage Wave
*getting the vote; women fighting actively for their political rights
*US in 1920, England in 1918 but only if over the age of 30
Second Wave
*Civil Rights activism, Vietnam War, women want to regain their value and status
*Subcategories: Deconstruction of facts, postpositivist, where are women located, need new sources by women and about women; Recontruction of facts, add women and stir problem, we see oppression and victimization and how women are omitted; Reconstruction of theory, categories and definitions, reconceptualize how we view the world and recognize androcentrims, reconceptualize language and add a gendered lense, work redefined to include the value of housework
Third Wave
*Women studies courses; aren't off to the side but readily available
*Addess reproductive health policies and population control
*Concerned with women's health
*developing world women and bringing in neocolonialsm
*Reclaiming negative terminology like bitch
What are the kinds of feminism?
1. Liberal
2. Radical
3. Marxism and socialist
4. Post colonial
5. Post modern
6. Eco-feminism
Liberal Feminism
a) Argues that women are being excluded so they are fighting for equality and to break stereotypes; the add women and stir approach; remove inequality barriers and add women to existing structures; still assumes masc. roles, characteristics and understandings of the world
b) Difference to IR? Wouldn't be different at all, women would behave just as men; the only difference is there would be women present; still devalues feminine characteristics
c) Applied? remove legal barriers such as women in politics or voting; problem is quotas develop and women are added in more as tokens than anything else
d) appeals to everyone, if you value equality; mainstream and positivist; nothing is actually getting changed
e) doesn't solve anything because attitudes aren't changed; adding women for the sake of adding them, not based on their merits; it's a starting point, but nothing more
Radical Femisinim
a) main point is that patriarchy is the problem and the heart of the whole problem; male centered and women oppressed; accepts certain essentialist characteristics and values those feminine characteristics
b) IR would be different because it would be more peaceful and rational; women take on feminine characteristics and in power there would be more peace
c) applied, the whole system gets flip-flopped; matriarchy vs. patriarchy
d) Appeals almost exclusively to women and men become the other; argues that liberal feminism doesn't go far enough
e) critiques: its essentialist and overgeneralizes characteristics by reproducing stereotypes; rejects women who don't fit the mold; cannot realistically come to be
Marxist/Socialist Feminism
a) Capitalism is the root of the problem; produces exploitation and inequalities; material goods create classes replicated on the gender level (men vs. women: bourgeoisie vs. proletariat)
b) IR difference: have to reject capitalist notions and establish a new economy; completely change the system
c) The application is to ahve a communist/socialist economic system in place
d) appeals to lower classes, particularly women, seeking liberation from exploitation
e) problem is a communist revolution is required; unlikely in US because capitalism and anti-Communist/Socialist notions are embedded in culture and government; reality is women do not fare better under socialism and those systems have not worked
Postcolonial
a) main point is that it includes race, socioeconomics, and location; takes into consideration some Marxist theories and acknowledges women of color in former colonies have a diff experience than others; western imperialism is based on white hegemonic masculine values
b)Diff to IR: gives voice to the marginzalized, developing states, and minorities; western ideologies do not serve as the absolute example; neocolonialism structure of IR currently: contempt of sense of colonialism and not as many countries set up colonies but still keep the same power and economic structures in place;
c) Application; remove western hegemony and domination like the Security Council of UN and World Bank; place more value on cultural diversity over global hegemonity
d) Appeals to nonwhites of developing countries, specifically those marginzalized even in those countries
e) Critiques: applies to a very focused group but still does not see all of the spheres; it is difficult to change the current power structure; hard to work with the Western Feminists when you say they're part of the problem
Post Modern Feminist aka Postie
*post-postivist, post structuralist, post modern
a) Main point: women are all different; if you take all other feminist perspectives they all have problems; systemic and social issues create the subordination of women; partially need to deconstruct language and find the hidden meaning; truth is relative; need to study lenses
b) Diff from IR: no gender roles and no stereotypes; can't just add women to the picture but must be aware of gender roles and steretypes and reject them; question and challenge positivism
c) Application; put back into perspective that the small picture is important and relevant; look at things from the bottom up, like grass roots movements
d) Appeals to a variety of interests/groups depending on what the issue is
e) Critiques: discusses all the problems and readily admits it has no solutions; seems vague and too academic; no unification of perspectives; elitist, luxury given to Western academia to discuss the problems with no solutions
Ecofeminism
Sydee and Beder
*Problem with IR is that it is a perpetuation of capitalism by supporting globalization and is patriarchical
*Main point: takes together the economic exploitaion and on resources, and the impacts those have on women
*Problem: goddess aspect is a bit hard to swallow for some and men are also affected by the Green Revolution
a) main point: capitalism and patriarchy are problems because they dominate and exploit; dichotomies are bad; explore the human relationship with nature; Green Revolution was an effort by the Western world to help the agricultural sector of developing countries but failed misreably, creating environmental, gender relations, and economic issues and devastation
*Criticisms: men suffer too; no alternative to the market economy is presented; reformist (making small changes good for now) rather than revolutionary (overhaul the system)
What makes up the house of IR?
Patriarch: Realism
Matriarch: Liberalism
Daughters: Neoliberalism, Liberal feminism
1st Son: Economic Neoliberalism
Rebel sons: Marxism, constructivism, post modernism
Fallen Daughters: Feminist Postmodern, LGBTQ
Downstairs: Area studies/Comparative politics, Asian Capitalism, Peripheral/Transitional Economies
Outside: Orientalism, Al Qaeda
Patriarch: Realism
*Mainstream IR
*states are primary, unitary, and rational actors; doesn't matter about internal issues the state has 1 voice; theorists have to assume national behavior because that allows us to find out why they make certain decisions
*Define power militarily; power of one over another
*Security is about sovereignty; protecting your territory; can only be done with military; zero-sum payoffs, only 1 can win and all else lose; war is inevitable
*Cyclical view of history; war then period between war and then more war; defensive vs. offensive in its approach; insecurity builds as other states improve their security measures, arms races
What are the levels of analysis?
Level One: Individuals
Level Two: State
Level Three: States as black boxes interacting with each other
Neorealism
*takes basic principles of power, anarchy, and self-interest
*3rd level analysis; looks at polarities and their capabilities to understand structure; bipolar: two powerful states, unipolar: one powerful state
*System of balancing (against) and bandwagoning (with) certain states for stability; stability is not necessarily peaceful, but there are no major conflicts
*States can form alliances time to time when it is in their best interest
Matriarch: Liberalism/Idealism
*states are not unitary actors
*Looks at the 1st and 2nd levels of analysis
*human nature has some sot of morality and can cooperate even with completely different goals
*states are interdependent, which can lead to harmonious outcomes, not necessarily to war
*have cooperation because of reciprocity; long run interests are taken into account over short run; realist focuses
*Linear view of history; we learn from our mistakes and they don't have to lead to war
Daughter: Neoliberalism
*takes Liberalism and adds structure
*specifically examines the value of institutions
*Unity facilitated by institutions; institutions create reasons to cooperate
*States will cooperate in the long run
Son: Economic Liberalism
*Level 1, looks at firms/individuals as actores
*free markets are desired, and the invisible hand works; lack of government intervention but rely on a self-regulating system
*states choose to specialize in certain goods and trade for other goods; cooperative advantage
World Systems Theory
*economic
*very critical about global economy
*states are put into two levels: core and periphery
*Core: developed, industrial states; periphery structure traps states in underdevelopment; must rely on periphery for raw materials
*Periphery: everyone else; trapped in underdevelopment; buys the goods made out of the raw materials at elevated prices
Rebel Son: Constructivism
*system is still anarchy
*states are important actors but are not the only actors
*knowledge and "reality" are constructed by social settings
*focus on norms and how norms influence behavior; 2nd image reversed, state's influence on the norms or systems
*have to add context in order to have "identity"
Downstairs: Area Studies
Examines within the states
Downstairs: Asian Capitalism
*for a while Asia was seen as an economic success; engaged in largely non-free market practices, which defies neoliberal economics
*market collapsed in 1990s and theorists were quick to jump in with "I told you so"
Downstairs: Peripheral/transitional economies
*economies transitioning from socialist to capitalist; underdeveloped to developing
Worldism
*Combination of constructivism, poscolonialism, postmodern/poststructurialism
*Look through the persepective of "other"; context is important; interconnectedness
*mutual accountability not just the oppressor and oppressed but everyone; interactive power; it's not about blaming the victims but reclaiming power
*questions the power in norms
*continuously questioning what we know, how we know it, and through what lenses
*Dichotomies set the self up as benevolent and the other as demonized or irrelevant; politics of erasure
*politics of erasure cannot truly erase; Cyprus politics expressed tension, but the citizens themselves actively tried to unite as an island; Cyprus: on the outskirts of West's empire and so was never integrated into civilization, neoliberal imperium marginalizes and radicalizes some groups and others try to resist but can't
Militarization
*war seems fun and natural; video games, movies
*war becomes a natural element of civilization
*heroism and combat are greatly valued
*gangs, clothing, movies, language, and education (like ROTC) reflect it; gangs have rituals to gain status and have a military structure
*enemies are objectified; can't/won't identify with them
*masculine imagery of men as soliders
*not just violence; taking images of military and organized/armed aggression to a point that it's so integrated into society it becomes virtually unnoticeable
*emphasis on hypermasculinity