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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define personality
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an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
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What are the two big historical personality theories that have shaped todays research and clinical work?
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Psychoanalytic theory- Sigmund Freud- childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
Humanistic approach- focus on peoples inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment |
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What experiences in private practice led to Freuds theory of psychoanalysis?
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Working as a medical doctor he started encountering patients that had things wrong with them that could not be explained physically. He searched for a cause of these disorders by analyzing himself and his patients.
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define free association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Define Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
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unconscious
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologist, information processing of which we are unaware.
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How did Freud believe he could glimpse the unconscious?
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Through people's free associations, beliefs, habits, and symptoms, slips of the tongue and pen, jokes and dreams
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Describe Freud;s view of personality structure.
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Personality is the result of efforts to resolve the basic conflict between our aggressive, pleasure-seeking biological impulses and the internalized social restraints against them. To describe this be proposed three interacting systems; the id, ego and superego
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Define id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.
The id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification. |
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Define ego
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largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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Define superego
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represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment(the conscience) and for future aspirations.
strives for perfection, feels pride or guilt Freud |
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What are the basic drives of the id?
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survival, reproduction and aggression. Seeks immediate gratification
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At what age does Freud say that the superego comes into play?
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around 4-5 years old
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Name Freuds psychosexual stages of development
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oral- (0-18months) pleasure focus on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing
anal (18-36 months) pleasure focus on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control phallic (3-6 yrs) pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings latency ( 6-puberty) dormant sexual feelings genital (Puberty-death) maturation of sexual interests |
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According to Freud when does personality form?
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During the first few years of life.
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Define Oedipus complex
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Freud - a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
children cope with this by identifying with same sex parent |
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Define identification
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Freud - the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos.
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Define Fixation
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Freud - a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved that surface as maladapted adult behavior.
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describe how oral fixation might manifest in a person
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if orally overindulged or deprived (weaned too early) one might exhibit passive dependence (like a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence (acting tough and uttering biting sarcasm). May continue to seek oral gratification by smoking and eating excessively.
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According to Freud what is the price we pay for civilization?
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Anxiety
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According to Freud when does anxiety surface?
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when the ego fears losing control of the inner war between the demands of the id and the superego.
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According to Freud how does the ego protect itself, reduce or redirect anxiety.
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uses defense mechanisms, tactics that distort reality to reduce or redirect anxiety.
Repression, Regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement |
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List and define six defense mechanisms according to Freud
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Repression - basic defense mechanism, banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
Regression - allows a retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development reaction formation - the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings Projection - disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Rationalization - the creation of self justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions Displacement- diverts sexual or aggressive impulses towards and object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings. All function indirectly and unconsciously. |
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How do the views of Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists differ from Freud's ideas?
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Placed more emphasis on conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and in coping with the environment.
tended to emhasize social interactions and other motives than sex. Adler and Horney, believed that childhood socail experiences not sexual important. Jung - idea of collective unconscious, a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces form our species history. contemporary - much of our mental life in unconscious, and we often struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values, childhood shapes our personalities and ways of becoming attached to others. |
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What is a projective test and give two examples of them.
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a personality test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
eg. TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Rorschach ink blot test - a set of 10 inkblots, identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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What are the criticisms of projective tests?
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there is no universally accepted system for scoring and interpreting the Rohrschach tests. Results vary widely and some people love it some hate it. Unreliable should never be used as only assessment.
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What are the current ideas of Freuds views?
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Development seen as life long
freud overestivated parental inluence and underestimated peer influence gender identiy forms before 5-6 yrs old. new dream theories Repression doesn't fit new research about memory unconscious does play large role especially in learning adn information processing. |
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Give 7 ways that present researchers acknowledge the unconscious as functioning
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- the schemas that automatically control our perceptions and interpretations
- priming by stimuli to wich we have not consciously attended - right-hemisphere activity that enables the split-brain patient's left hand to carry out and instruction the patient cannot verbalize - The parallel processing of different aspects of vision and thinking - the implicit memories that operated without conscious recall, even among those with amnesia - the self concept and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how we process information about ourselves and others |
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What does the terror-management theory propose about anxiety
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faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.
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How does Freud stand up as a scientific theory?
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Not well, it only offers after the fact explanations not any ability to predict.
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How did the Humanistic approach of the 60s differ from Freuds approach or Skinners Behaviorism.
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focused on the ways healthy people strive for self determination and realization and they studied people through their own self reported experiences and feelings.
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Define Self Actualization and who came up with the term
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Abraham Maslow
the motivation to fullfill one's potential; the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved |
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Define unconditional positive regard. Who coined this term
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Carl Rogers in his person centered perspective
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. |
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Define self concept and how it figures in personality?
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both Maslow and Rogers viewed it as a central feature of personality
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, who am I? |
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Define trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports.
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What two factors did British psychologists Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck believe that we could reduce our normal individual variations to?
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two dimensions or axis. extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability
There is some research that supports these factors as being genetically influenced |
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What do brain scans reveal about extroverts?
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indicate that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
Pet scans show the frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active in extraverts than in introverts |
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do animals also have personality?
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dogs and birds have been both been shown to have consistent personality. Influenced by genes as they can be bred for a certain temperment
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What is a personality inventory?
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a questionnaire (true false aggree disaggree) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
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What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for may other screening purposes.
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What is the Barnum effect
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acceptance of stock, positive descritions. such as in horoscopes etc.
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What does it mean if a test is empirically derived?
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it is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. eg. from a large pool of items, items are selected that differ between particular diagnostic groups.
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Identify the Big five personality factors and discuss some of the strengths of this approach to studying personality
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Conscientiousness
Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion each of these is an axis. in adulthood these are fairly stable describe personality in various cultures reasonalbly well. subsantially heritable |
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Using a personality trait assesment can you predict what someone will do in a certain situation?
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No. It is easier to predict and average of what they would do over many situations.
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what is the social cognitive perspective?
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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (their thinking) and their social context
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What perspective did Albert Bandura propose about personality
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social cognitive perspective. Emphasises the interaction of persons and their situations.
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How do social cognitive theorists believe we learn our behaviours?
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same as learning theorists, throught conditioning or by observing others and modeling our behavior after theirs.
How do people and their enviornment interact? |
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what is reciprocal determinism?
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Bandura- the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.
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list three ways that individuals and environments interacts
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different people choose different environments.
our personalities shape how e interpret and react to events our personalities help create situations to which we react. |
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personal control
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our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
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external locus of control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
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internal locus of control
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the perception that one controls one's own fate.
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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what is positive psychology
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the scientific study of optimal human functioning; it aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Martin E. P. Seligman
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how are ignorance and confidence related?
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"ignorance more freely begets confidence than does knowledge"
Darwin 1871 |
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what are the major critisims of the social cognitive perspective
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critics say it focuses too much on the situation and loses sight of the person.
Say it slights the importance of unconsccious dynamics, emotions and biologically influenced traits |
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what is the spotlight effect?
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overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
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What is self esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self worth
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what are ways that people maintain self esteem even under conditions of discrimination or low status
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they value the things at which they excel
they attribute problems to prejudice they do as everyone does, they compare themselves to those in their own group |
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self serving bias
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a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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according to and experiment by brad bushman and ray baumeister how was self esteem related to aggression
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after critisim those with unrealistically high self esteem were exceptionally aggressive.
Threatened egotism more than low self esteem seems to predispose aggression. |
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according to the self serving bias viewpoint why might someone disparage themselves?
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subtly straegic to elicit reassuring strokes
prepare for possible failure pertains to one's old self. even if they have not changed are more critical of self in past than present. |
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what are two ways that self esteem is thought of
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defensive and secure
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how many chromosomes does a normal person have?
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46, 23 from both parents
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what are chromosomes
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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
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what is DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid, a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
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what is a gene
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a small segment of a DNA molecule. it is a biochemical unit of heredity and makes up the chromosomes. It is a segment of DNA that is capable of synthesizing a protein
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what is a genome
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the complete instructions for making an organism, consists of all the genetic material in that organims chromosomes
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how much DNA do we share with other humans?
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around 99.9%
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how much DNA do we share with chimpanzees?
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around 96%
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Where are the chromosomes found in the body
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in the nucleus of every cell
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what are gene complexes
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many genes acting in concert. they influence individual human traits
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an adopted child tends to share what of the adopted family and what of the biological parents?
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the values and attitudes with the adoptive parents
personalities are related to their genetic legacy of their biological parents |
