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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the features of Niches?
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-Consists of one group
-helps define who group members are -trust within group/ exclusionary -entry critera often demands more skills than job requires. -Weight of tradition in their favor |
Five characteristics
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What leads to discrimination in Niches?
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a desire to be with others of one's kind or to maintian social distance from som stigmatized other.
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Under what conditions to a complementary economy exist?
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only when the economic orientations of two groups diverge.
Once thier economic apirations converge competition ensues. |
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Why does so much antagonism characterize the econounters between whites and blacks in the niche market?
What are some African American Niche's? |
-Niche becomes a sort of group property
-Made progress on R.R.'s as pullman porters. (Often college educated) -During wartime labor shortages. -Hospitals -Public sector employment (post office, Mass transit, telephone co.) |
Four Niches
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What is the Jewish Niche story?
When and from where did Jews immigrate? What did Waldinger say? |
-Worked in Garment Industry
-Worked as petty merchents often in black neighborhoods. -Immigrated from Russia, 1880's -Educated 2nd generation-public sector work very important. (Waldinger) |
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What is the current Jewish Niche?
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Post industrial (Legal services, publishing, advertising, PR and theater).
-Education brought them in conflict with other groups. (Public education in 1950's conflict with African Americans.)Jewish quotas in good schools. |
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How did chinese get to NYC?
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-NY chinatown on lower east side, sought less hostile enviorments away from calf. where Asians were prohibited from working in many sectors
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What was 1960's chinese niche?
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-Trade, mostly resturants
-laundries -focused on serving needs of chienese community. |
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What are the four theoretical explinations for the underclass and who champians them?
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-Culture (Oscar Lewis)(Ogbu)
-Racism (Douglass Glasgow and Alphonso Pinkney) -Welfare (Charles Murray,Lawrence Mead) -Economics (William Julius Wilson) |
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What is the culture argument about the underclass?
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OSCAR LEWIS "culture of Poverty"
-lack of impulse control and inability to delay gratification. Developed as a defense mechanism agianst thier poor economic position. Consequence of persistant joblessness. Would become permenent with time. |
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How was welfare seen to be the culprit in creating the underclass?
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Charles Murray (the bell curve)
-Liberal welfare state rewards not working and perpetuates single parenthood. Lawrence Mead adds- Welfare did not teach good citizenship, cause it didn't require anything from the poor. |
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What is the economic theory of the underclass?
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Wiliam Julius Wilson
-Outmigration of the middle class. -Changing nature of the economy from industrial to service sector. -lack of marigable black males |
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What did Massey and Denton say about the cause of the underclass?
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-Incomplete without residential segregation.
-Also these theories especially outmigration of middle class, deflect attention from the real issues. |
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Timeline of Ghetto construction
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-pre 1900's black and whites lived side by side in rural south. In 1870 80% of blacks still lived in rural S.
-Great migration between 1880's and 1920's along with eastern and southern europeans. |
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What are the two major measures of segregation?
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Index of Disimilarity (D) and index of iscolation.
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Which has higher segregation? Blocks or wards?
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Blocks are more segregated
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Creating the Ghetto (1900-1940)
Industrialization in the North unleashed changes that promoted segregation between social groups. |
-WWI in 1914
-Beggining of great migration -large recruitment campagin in south to get workers to move North. -Boll weevil -S blacks used as N. Strikebreakers. -riots 1900 and 1920 |
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Were black ghettos the same as ethnic enclaves?
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No. Only 54% segregation for Poles.
82% in black neighborhoods at the same time. -Never homogenus -not as iscolated from non-immigrants. -transitory stage-people assimilated out over two or three generations. |
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What was blockbusting?
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-Realistate agents move in black families and stir up fear, induce whites to sell cheap.
-resold to blacks with little options turning the property into expensive apts. |
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What was the FED govt's role in segregation?
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-FHA and VA loans moved whites to burbs
-HOLC 1933 program to increase homeownership, construction and industry. Refinanced urban mortgages during depression so people wouldn't forclose |
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What was the HOLC's role in promoting redlining?
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-rating system adopted by FHA,VA,banks
-helped selective outmigration to burbs -undid integration that existed in cities. -Suburban loan organizations prmoted restrictive convenents. |
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What are some factors in suburbanization and segregation?
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-highway system
-Blacks moving into different suburbs from whites. (Camden counts) -economic and voting power concentrated in burbs. |
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Theory of oppositional culture. (John Ogbu)
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voluntary minorities (immigrants and autonomus-religious)
vs. Involuntary. AA's, Mexicans,PR's and Native Americans. -See dominant U.S. society in adveserial terms. -success is seen as abandoning group "acting white." |
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What is the theory of sterotype threat?
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Psychologist Claude Steele:
-An unconscious fear of living up to negative sterotypes. -leads to disidentification with academic success. (NOT THE SAME AS DEVALUING). |
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What is the theory of peer influence? What are the catogories of peer influence?
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Contextual:those stemming from the social, demographic, or economic compostition of student body.
Proximate: stem from influences of specific people in friendship circle. |
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What is attachment Theory?
what are the 3 components? |
Vincent Tinto group retention.
-requires effective integration. adjustment to social and academic evro congruence, degree of fit academicly and ideologicly. Iscolation-lasck of close personal ties with faculty or students |
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what's the deal with male-female ratios?
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15% difference with Latinos, 11% for whites, 20% for Asians, 50% for African Americans.
-Problems with male marriagable pool for both poor and upperclass African Americans. |
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What are some characteristics of minority students?
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-first in family to go to college.
-lack accumulated wealth (Home values) -mother more likly to work -more single parent families -more SES diversity in black than Latino students. |
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What are 3 major leagle breakthroughs on discrimination?
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The Civil rights act of 1964: Outlawed racial discrimination in employment.
The Fair Housing act of 1968: Banned discrimination in housing. The Gauttraux and Shannon Court decisions |
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What are the four types of capital minority students tend to have less of?
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-Financial capital-can buy help
-Social capital-networks, peers, relationships -cultural capital-feels comfortable, knows lingo, norms and tastes -human capital-education, skills, knowledge (of how system works) |
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