Feather Of Languages

Front 1

1.Use of sound signals

Back 1

- Non-verbal communication is not as widespread as the use of sounds: bees-dance.
-The use of sounds by: dolphins, birds, cows, monkeys, humans….
- Sound signals have advantages: can be used in the dark, at some distance, leave the bodyfree for other activities

Front 2

2.Arbitrariness

Back 2

- Animal communication: a strong link between the signal and message: an animal wishes towarn off an opponent may simulate an attacking attitude-cats .
-In human language: the reverse is true. Mostly no link between the signal and the message.The symbols used are arbitrary.

Front 3

3.The need for learning

Back 3

- Most animals automatically know how to communicate without learning in the same in colonies in different partof the world.

- Human language is culturally transmitted. A human being brought up in isolation doesn’tacquire language

Front 4

4.Duality (double articulation)

Back 4

- Most animals can use each basic sound only once. That is, the number of messages an animalcan send is restricted to the number of basic sounds.
- Human language has a stock of sound .
- Each phoneme is meaningless in isolation and become meaningful only when it is combine with another free morpheme .

Front 5

5.Displacement

Back 5

-Animals: communicate in the immediate environment only.

- Human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far awaythe topic of conversation is in time and space.

Front 6

6.Creativity (productivity)

Back 6

-Animals: have a very limited messages they can send and receive.
- Humans: can produce novel utterences.
- A person can utter a sentence which has never been said before

Front 7

7.Patterning

Back 7

-Animal communication system: no internal organization within the system.

- language: humans do not juxtapose sounds and words in a random way. Instead ring thechanges on a few well-defined patterns.

Front 8

8.Structure dependence

Back 8

-The grammar is structure-dependent in that the rules must refer to the structure of thelanguage in order to adequately perform some operation.

- Structure-dependency is a restriction on movement in humanlanguages that makes it depend on the structure of the sentence, rather than on its linearorder:
A principle of Universal Grammar.