F&e

Front 1

What is the largest single component of the body?

Back 1

water

Front 2

What percentage of the average adult's weight is fluid?

Back 2

60%

Front 3

What are the two distinct body fluid compartments?

Back 3

intracellular and extracellular

Front 4

What is intracellular fluid? What percentage of body weight is ICF?

Back 4

all fluids within body cells; 40%

Front 5

What is extracellular?

Back 5

all the fluid outside a cell

Front 6

What are the three smaller compartments in extracellular fluid?

Back 6

interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid and transcellular fluid

Front 7

What is interstitial fluid?

Back 7

contains lymph, is the fluid between the cells and outside the blood vessels.

Front 8

What is intravascular fluid?

Back 8

blood plasma

Front 9

What is transcellular fluid?

Back 9

consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

Front 10

What percentage does extracellular fluid make up of the total body weight?

Back 10

20%

Front 11

What is cations?

Back 11

positively charged electrolytes

Front 12

What is anions?

Back 12

negatively charged electrolytes

Front 13

What are the cations?

Back 13

sodium [Na+]; potassium [K+]; calcium [Ca++]; magnesium [Mg++]

Front 14

What are the anions?

Back 14

chloride [Cl-]; bicarbonate [HCO-]; phosphate [PO-]

Front 15

What is osmosis?

Back 15

the movement of a pure solvent, such as water, through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration in an attempt to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane

Front 16

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 16

is the drawing power for water and depends on the number of molecules in solution

Front 17

What is osmolarity?

Back 17

is the measure used to evaluate serum and urine in clincial practice.

Front 18

What is hypertonic solution?

Back 18

a solution of higher osmotic pressure, such as 3% soudium chloride, pulls fluid from cells causing them to shrink

Front 19

What is isotonic solution?

Back 19

a solution of same osmotic pressure, such as 0.9% sodium chloride, expands the body's fluid volume without causing a fluid shift from one compartment to another.

Front 20

What is hypotonic solution?

Back 20

a solution of lower osmotic pressure, such as 0.45% sodium chloride, moves fluid into the cells, causing them to enlarge

Front 21

What is diffusion?

Back 21

is the movement of a solute (gas or substance) in a solution across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 22

What is flitration?

Back 22

is the process by which water and diffusible substances move together in response to fluid pressure, moving from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.

Front 23

What is it called when there is an accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space?

Back 23

edema

Front 24

What is active transport?

Back 24

requires metabolic activity and expenditure of energy to move materials across cell membrane.

Front 25

What is homeostasis?

Back 25

state of relative constancy in the internal environment of the body, maintained naturally by physiological adaptive mechanisms

Front 26

Osmoreceptors

Back 26

receptor that is sensitive to fluid concentration in the blood plasma and that regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Front 27

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 27

substance stored in the posterior pituitary gland that is released in response to change in blood osmolarity

Front 28

aldosterone

Back 28

substance released by the adrenal cortex in response to increased plasma potassium levels or as a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism to counteract hypovolemia

Front 29

angiotensin

Back 29

substance produced by renin that causes some vasoconstriction

Front 30

insensible water loss

Back 30

is continuous and is not perceived by the person but can increase significantly with fever or burns

Front 31

sensible water loss

Back 31

occurs through excess perspiration and can be perceived by the client or by the nurse through inspection

Front 32

Four organs that fluid output occurs

Back 32

kidneys, skin, lungs, and GI tract

Front 33

What organ is the major regulatory of fluid balance?

Back 33

kidneys

Front 34

The kidneys receive ~ __ liter of plasma to filter each day and produce __ to __ ml of urine.

Back 34

180 liters; 1200 to 1500 ml

Front 35

An average of __ to __ ml of sensible and insensible fluid is lost via the skin each day.

Back 35

500 to 600 ml

Front 36

Electrolyte Distribution in Body Fluid: Normal ranges

Back 36

Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5.0
Calcium: 4.5-5.5
Bicarbonate: 22-26 (aterial) 24-30 (venous)
Chloride: 90-110
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphate: 1.7-4.6

Front 37

What electrolyte is the most abundant in the ECF?

Back 37

sodium

Front 38

What major electrolyte and principle cation in the ICF?

Back 38

potassium

Front 39

Where is calcium stored? And how much is stored where?

Back 39

bone, plasma, and body cells. 99% is located in bone, and only 1% is located in ECF.

Front 40

Normal serum ionized calcium is what? Normal total calcium is what?

Back 40

normal serum ionized calcium is 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. Normal total calcium is 8.5 to 10.5 mg/100 ml

Front 41

Calcium is necessary for what?

Back 41

bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cell membrane integrity, cardiac conduction, transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

Front 42

What does sodium do?

Back 42

maintaining water balance through their effect on serum osmolality, nerve impulse transmission, regulation of acid-base balance, and participation in cellular chemical reactions.

Front 43

Sodium is regulated by what?

Back 43

dietary intake and aldosterone secretion

Front 44

What does potassium do?

Back 44

it regulates many metabolic activities and is necessary for glycogen deposits in the liver and skeletal muscle, normal cardiac conduction, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.

Front 45

Potassium is regulated by what?

Back 45

dietary intake and renal excretion

Front 46

What is magnesium for?

Back 46

enzyme activities, neurochemical activities, and cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability.

Front 47

What is magnesium regulated by?

Back 47

dietary intake, renal mechanisms, and actions of the parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Front 48

What electrolyte is the major anion in the ECF?

Back 48

chloride

Front 49

The transport of chloride follows what electrolyte?

Back 49

sodium

Front 50

Chloride is regulated how?

Back 50

dietary intake and the kidneys

Front 51

Which electrolyte is a major chemical base buffer within the body?

Back 51

bicarbonate

Front 52

What system regulates bicarbonate?

Back 52

kidneys

Front 53

Phosphate is what?

Back 53

a buffer anion found primarily in ICF, with a small amount found in ECF

Front 54

___ and ___ help to develop and maintain bones and teeth.

Back 54

Phosphate and calcium

Front 55

Calcium and phosphate are inversely proportional; if one rises what does the other one do?

Back 55

the other falls

Front 56

Phosphate promotes what?

Back 56

normal neuromuscular action and participates in carbohydrate metabolism.

Front 57

Phosphate is normally absorbed where?

Back 57

through the GI tract

Front 58

Phosphate is regulated how?

Back 58

by dietary intake, renal excretion, intestinal absorption and PTH.

Front 59

Buffer

Back 59

is a substance or a group of substances that can absorb or release H+ to correct an acid-base imbalance

Front 60

The basic types of fluid imbalances are what?

Back 60

isotonic and osmolar

Front 61

Isotonic deficit and excess exist when?

Back 61

water and electrolytes are gained or lost in equal proportions

Front 62

Osmolar imbalances exist when?

Back 62

losses or excesses of only water so that the concentration (osmolality) of the serum if affected

Front 63

Isotonic imbalance are considered what?

Back 63

fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess

Front 64

Osmolar Imbalances are considered what?

Back 64

Hyperosmolar imbalance-Dehydration
Hypoosmolar imbalance-Water Excess

Front 65

Medications that causes Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disturbance

Back 65

Diuretics-metabolic alkalosis, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia; Steriods-metabolic alkalosis; Potassium supplements-GI disturbances, including intestinal and gastric ulcers and diarrhea; Respiratory center depressants-decreased rate and depth of respiration, resulting in respiratory acidosis

Front 66

Medications that causes Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disturbance: Continued

Back 66

Antibiotic-nephrotoxicity, hyperkalemia and/or hyponatremia; Calcium carbonate (TUMS)-mild metabolic alkalosis with nausea and vomiting; Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)-hypokalemia

Front 67

Normal Anion Gap Values and Causes

Back 67

12 (+/-2) mEq/L; Diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, or pancreatic fistula causing a direct loss of HCO; addition of chloride-containing acids

Front 68

Increased Anion Gap Values and Causes

Back 68

>14 mEq/L; Lactic acidosis, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), or salicylate and methanol toxicity, resulting in accumulation of nonvolatile acids with decrease in HCO

Front 69

Risk Factors for Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Back 69

Age: Very young; Very old
Chronic Diseases: Cancer; CHF; Cushing's disease and DM; malnutrition; COPD; Progressive renal failure; Changes in LOC

Front 70

Risk Factors for Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances: Continued

Back 70

Trauma: Crush injuries; Head injuries, Burns
Therapies: Diuretics, Steriods, IV therapy, Total patenteral nutrition (TPN)
GI Losses: Gastroenteritis, Nasogastric suctioning, Fistulas

Front 71

Anion gap

Back 71

reflects unmeasurable anions present in plasma and is calculated by substracting the sum of chloride and bicarbonate from the amount of plasma sodium concentration

Front 72

If there is a weight loss between 2% to 20%, what imbalance is it?

Back 72

fluid volume deficit

Front 73

If there is a weight gain between 2% to 8%, what imbalance is it?

Back 73

fluid volume excess

Front 74

If you have a history of headaches what imbalance could it be?

Back 74

FVD; metabolic or respiratory acidosis; metabolic alkalosis

Front 75

If you have a history of dizziness, what imbalance could it be?

Back 75

FVD; respiratory acidosis or alkalosis, hyponatremia

Front 76

If a nurse observes irritability, what imbalance could it be?

Back 76

Metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, hyperosmolar imbalance, hypernatremia, hypokalemia

Front 77

If a nurse observes lethargy, what imbalance could it be?

Back 77

FVD; metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, hypercalcemia

Front 78

If a nurse observes confusion or disorientation, what imbalance could it be?

Back 78

FVD; hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia

Front 79

If a client has sunken, dry conjunctivae, decreased or absent tearing, which imbalance is it?

Back 79

FVD

Front 80

If a client has periorbital edema and papilledema, which imbalance could it be?

Back 80

FVE

Front 81

If a client has a history of blurred vision, which imbalance could it be?

Back 81

FVE

Front 82

If a nurse inspects a client with sticky, dry mucous membranes, dry cracked lips, decreased salivation, which imbalance could it be?

Back 82

FVD; hypernatremia

Front 83

If a nurse inspects a client with flat neck veins or slow venous filling, which imbalance could it be?

Back 83

FVD

Front 84

If a client has distended neck veins, which imbalance could it be?

Back 84

FVE

Front 85

During palpation a nurse finds edema, which imbalance could it be?

Back 85

FVE

Front 86

If a client has dysrhythmias, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 86

Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis and acidosis, potassium imbalance, hypomagnesemia

Front 87

If a client has increased pulse rate, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 87

Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, hyponatremia, FVD, hypomagnesemia

Front 88

If a client has deceased pulse rate, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 88

Metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia

Front 89

If a client has a weak pulse, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 89

FVD, Hypokalemia

Front 90

If a client has a decreased capillary filling, which imbalance could it be?

Back 90

FVD

Front 91

If a client has a bounding pulse or third heart sound or hypertension, which imbalance could it be?

Back 91

FVE

Front 92

If a client has low BP or without orthostatic changes, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 92

FVD, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia

Front 93

If a client has increased respiratory rate, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 93

FVE, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis

Front 94

If a client has either dyspnea or crackles, which imbalance could it be?

Back 94

FVE

Front 95

If a client has a history of either anorexia or abdominal cramps, which imbalance could it be?

Back 95

metabolic acidosis

Front 96

If a client has a sunken abdomen, which imbalance could it be?

Back 96

FVD

Front 97

If a client is having vomiting, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 97

FVD, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis

Front 98

If a client is having diarrhea, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 98

Hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis

Front 99

If a client is experiencing oliguria or anuria, which imbalance(s) could it be?

Back 99

FVD, FVE

Front 100

If a client is experiencing diuresis (if kidneys are normal), which imbalance could it be?

Back 100

FVE