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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
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-Obesity is the #1 public health nutrition problem in the U.S.
-Eating less is a priority -Shift focus from nutrients to foods (instead of saying eat less sat. fat, say eat less animal products) |
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Who issues the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
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U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Department of Health and Human services (DHHS).
Issued every 5 years. Are the foundations of the U.S. government's nutrition policy and education. Reflect what scientists experts believe is the most accurate. |
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What are the key messages in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (3)?
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1. Balance Calories and Manage weight: Enjoy your food but eat less. Avoid over sized portions. Remain Active
2. Foods and food components to reduce: Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, and frozen meals and choose the foods with lower numbers. Drink water instead of sugary drinks. 3. Food and food components to increase: Make 1/2 plate fruits and vegetables. Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk. Consume seafood weekly (8+ oz) |
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What are SoFas?
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Solid fat, added sugar
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What are the AMDRs?
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges: Ranges of macronutrient intake, as a percent of energy, associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intake of essential nutrients:
CHO: 45-65% Fat: 20-35% Protein 10-35% - The greater the discrepancy with AMDR, the greater the risk for nutrition-related chronic diseases. |
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What is MyPlate?
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Designed by the USDA. Depicts the key elements of a healthy diet. Emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grain, protein, and dairy food groups.
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How do you use MyPlate?
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You can personalize through "My Daily Food Plan" on "choosemyplate.gov"- based on activity, age, height, & weight, also "My Foodpedia", and "The Tracker" program
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What are the five food groups? How are recommendations for each food group determined?
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Grains, Vegetables, Fruit, Dairy, Protein. Recommendations are consistent with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans/USDA. Recommendations are determined by age, activity level, and sex (this gives you total kcal-->recommendations for daily amounts of foods to consume from the 5 food groups
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What is an ounce equivalent of grains?
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-Portion of food that typically contains 1 oz: 1 cup RTE cereal, 1 slice bread, 1/2 cup cooked rice, pasta, or hot cereal, 5 crackers (e.g. Triscuts), 1 small waffle, 1 small muffin (2.5" diameter), 3 cups popcorn, 1 mini bagel or small tortilla
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What is optimal nutrition?
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Nutrient intake supports body function and permits storage of nutrients to be used in ties of increased need
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What is malnutrition?
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Can refer to either undernutrition or overnutrition; eventually contributes to failing health
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What in undernutrtion?
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Nutrient intake does not meet needs
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What is overnutrion?
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Nutrient intake exceeds needs
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What are the ways that the body adapts to changes and fluctuations in dietary intake?
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1. Inadequate dietary intakes
2. Depletion of tissue reserves of the nutrient 3. Decreased blood levels of the nutrient 4. Decreased nutrient available to cells 5. Impaired cellular functions 6. Physical signs and symptoms of deficiency 7. Long-term impairment of health |
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How does one know what their nutrition status is?
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Nutrition assessment
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What are the ABCDE's of nutrition assessment?
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Anthropometrics (sizze, height, weight)
Biochemical measurements (blood, urine, fecal samples) Clinical exam (evaluate skin, texture of hair, nails) Dietary assessment Economic/Environmental Assessment |
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How is dietary intake typically assessed?
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24hr recall, food frequency questioners, 3-day diet assessment
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What are the DRIs?
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Dietary Reference intakes. Term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. these include the RDAs, EARs, AIs, EERs, and ULs
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What are the five sets of dietary standards of the DRIs?
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-Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs) -Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - Adequate Intake (AI) -Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) |
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EARs
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Estimated Average Requirements: Nutrient intake that is estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals
- Use only to evaluate adequacy of diet groups, not individuals |
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RDAs
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Recommended Dietary Allowance: Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage. Daily goals. Doesn't put you at risk for toxicity.
-The further intake strays above or below this value, the greater the likelihood a person will develop nutrition-related problems. |
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How can you calculate a RDA based on an EAR?
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Generally, RDA=EAR X 1.2)
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ULs
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level: Highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals. Daily
-Value applies to chronic use and is set to protect even very susceptible people in the healthy general population. As intake rise higher than the UL, the potential for adverse effects generally increases |
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AIs
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Adequate Intake: Used when RDA cannot be determined. Recommended intake value based on observed or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people. Will meet needs of 98%. Will not exceed UL. Only AI currently is for sodium. Daily.
- Implies that further research is required before scientist can establish a more definitive amount needed to set an RDA |
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EERs
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Estimated Energy Requirements. Estimate of the energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage, according to height, weight, gender, age, and physical activity pattern. Are estimates because energy needs depend on energy expenditure.
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What does the % DV on a label mean?
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Comparing the amount the food contains to the recommended number-"daily value", for 2,000 calorie and 2,500. DV for 2,000 kcal is what is actually reported. Not always consistent with the DRIs.
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Why were DVs developed?
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Generic standards that were developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because the DRIs are age-and gender specific and it isn't practical to have different food labels for men and women or for teens and adults.
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Who regulates food labels?
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FDA: all products except those containing meat includes supplements, more detailed and complicated
USDA: Meat-containing products "USDA Choice" |
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What information is mandatory on a food label?
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-Total Calories (kcal), calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, fiber, sugars, protein, vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, and Iron
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What are the different types of food label claims (6)?
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1. Ingredient Claims
2. Nutrient Claims 3. Nutrient content claims 4.Structure/function claims 5. Health claims 6. Qualified health claims |
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Ingredient claims
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Claims about nothing but the ingredients. Examples:"made with organic flour", "fresh", "dairy free", Kosher, "98% fat free (fat by weight).
Organic/Natural: All about where ingredients come from. No FDA definition for "natural" |
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"Organic" statement
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Stament on how the product was grown and processed. Has substances definition/lots of rules. Approved by USDA
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Nutrient Claims
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Claims about nutrients. Statement of fact, highlighting something from the nutrient claim. Examples: "contains 10g of protein per serving", "160 calories"
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Nutrient Content claims (list 8)
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describe the nutrients in a food
-Good source [=contains=provides] -Excellent source [=high in] - Reduced/less -Low fat - Low sodium - Trans fat free, Fat free -Light/Lite -Healthy |
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Good source[=contains=provides]
(nutrient content claim) |
Each serving has to provide at least 10% of the DV for that nutrient. Nutrient must have AI or RDA (can't use for omega-3,"", lycopene)
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Excellent source [=high in]
(nutrient content claim) |
Serving has to provide at least 20% of the DV for that nutrient
("high in" something like sodium= 20% or more of DV) |
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Reduced/Less
(nutrient content claim) |
Must be at least 25% reduction from the original product
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Low fat
(nutrient content claim) |
3g or less of fat per serving
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Low sodium
(nutrient content claim) |
less than or = to 140mg
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Trans fat free
(nutrient content claim) |
Less than 0.5g of either trans fat or total fat in the product. (same for saturated fat and cholesterol, must be <0.5g)
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Light/Lite
(nutrient content claim) |
33% fewer kcal OR 50% less fat/sodium
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Healthy
(nutrient content claim) |
A serving of the product must be: Low fat 1g sat fat or less, 60mg of cholesterol or less, 480mg sodium or less +"Jelly read rule (10% DV of A, C, Ca, Fe, Fiber or protein)- in order to make a "healthy" claim needs to be a good source of any one (or more) of these nutrients. But naturally occurring- can't be doctored up.
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Structure function claims
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Bringing up some nutrient (structure) and connecting it to a function in the body. Must have at least 10% of that nutrient. Examples: "with protein to grow muscles", "with vitamin C to boost immune system". Can't talk about diseases (Can't say it "will cure the common cold" or "reduce risk of heart disease"- must meet health claims to talk about diseases
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Health claims
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Connection the presence of a nutrient to a reduced risk of a disease. ONLY if it meets the definition of "healthy". Examples: total fat and reduction of some cancers", "sat fat and cholesterol and reduction of heart disease"
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Qualified Health Claims
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"Supported but not conclusive research shows that___". Doesn't have to meet "Healthy" requirements. (Think: nuts, fish, olive oil"
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What is enrichment?
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Term generally meaning that the vitamins thaimin, niacin, riboflavin, and folate and the mineral iron have been added to a grain product to improve its nutritional quality. Regulated by law.
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What is fortification
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Term generally meaning that vitamins, minerals, or both have been added to a food product in excess of what was originally found in the product. Examples: vitamin water, orange juice (ABDE vitamins) "total cereal". Not required
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What is the difference between enrichment and fortification?
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Enriched foods have nutrients added to them that were lost during processing. While, fortified foods have nutrients added that are beyond what the foods originally contained
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What food products are 'enriched' in the U.S.?
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Cornmeal, grits, rice, and white flour. Regulated by law. Have to do it.
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How are dietary supplements in the U.S. regulated?
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Not considered a food, so, special legislation applies- Dietary Supplement Health and Education (DSHEA). Must be reasonably safe and have history of use. Must contain a disclaimer. Currently, can be marketed in the U.S. without FDA approval if there is a history of its use or other evidence that it is reasonably safe when used under the conditions indicated in its labeling.
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