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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the best age to learn a 2nd language?
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8
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Girls are more wired for____, while boys are more wired for ______, and _______.
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Girls are more wired for socialization
Boys are more wired for spacial and mathmatics |
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For children 7-12 what plays a bigger part in sports performance: practice, or gender
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practice
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What brain development changes are happening age 7-12?
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- capacity, speed, efficiency increase
- Younger brains can change and adapt more than older brains |
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What growth and body changes happen age 7-12?
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Slower. Appear slimmer
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What is the Percent of Obesity for ages 7-12? Is it increasing or decreasing?
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10-20%. Decreasing.
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What is the highest risk time for eating disorders?
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Puberty
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What are some benefits of physical activity?
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Better for cognitive, emotional, and physical capabilities
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What are the development indicators of cognitive development during middle childhood?
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Cognitive sophistication
Information Processing |
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Cognitive Sophistication
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- Rational and logical
- Executive strategies - Period of concrete observations (able to solve conservation problems) |
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Information Processing
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- Individual Differences
- Perception of others: less on physical traits, more inner qualities, social relationships |
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Is spelling related to intelligence?
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No. But kids who read spell better
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How many words a day does a 5th grader learn? How many words total?
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20 new words/day
40,000 words total |
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How does language develop during middle childhood?
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- multiple meanings of words- jokes, riddles
- syntax and grammar, rules |
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T or F homeschoolers preform average for their age group?
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F. They preform higher for their age group.
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What Learning disability is most common in middle childhood?
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ADHD
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What is IEP?
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Individual Education Development. for Learning disabilities. Required for each school. Shift to inclusion rather than separate classrooms for those with learning disabilities.
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When can ADHD emerge?
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Before the age of 7
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T or F ADHD may have lower dopamine levels
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T
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Does ADHD occur at the same rate for both boys and girls?
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No. 2-3X more likely for boys than girls
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What often co-exists with ADHD?
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Depression, Anxiety. Sleep issues are 1-3X more likely
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What are some treatments for ADHD?
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medication, therapy, educational training
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What puts a child at risk for ADHD?
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family history, prenatal risk, environmental toxins
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What can ADHD contribute to?
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Struggle in school, work and relationships. Obesity
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What are Kohlbergs stages of development?
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Preconventional Morality
1. Punishment-Obedience 2. Personal reward orientation Conventional Morality 3. The "good boy/nice girl" Orientation 4. The "law and order" orientation Post-conventional Morality 5. Social Contract 6. Universal ethical principle orientation |
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What happens at "Stage 0" in Kohlbergs stages of development (8)?
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The individual:
- Avoids pain and seeks pleasure - Has no sense of obligation to anyone else - Is self absorbed (unaware of anyone's needs other than those that are self-serving) - Does what he/she wants to - Is amoral - Is totally egocentric in assuming that the world revolves around his/her needs and desires - Has thus no sense of cause-effect - Is typically between the ages of 0-7 |
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What happens at "Stage 1: Punishment -Obedience (Preconventional Morality)" in Kohlbergs stages of development (6)?
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At this stage, the individual:
- Obeys rules in order to avoid punishment - Determines a sense of right and wrong by what is punished and what is not punished - Obeys superior authority and allows that authority to make the rules, especially if that authority has the power to inflict pain - Is responsive to rules that will affect his/her physical well-being - Usually over the age of 7 - No nuance, everything is B&W |
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What happens at "Stage 2: Personal Reward Orientation" in Kohlbergs stages of development (8)
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aka: "Individualism and Exchange"
At this stage, the individual - Is motivated by vengeance or "an eye for an eye" philosophy - Is self-absorbed while assuming that he/she is generous - Believes in equal sharing in that everyone gets the same, regardless of need - Believes that the end justifies the means - Will do a favor only to get a favor - Expects to be rewarded for every non-selfish deed he/she does - Is usually over the age of 10 - Realizes that authorities aren't the only point of view (multiple points of view" |
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What happens at "Stage 3: the "good boy/nice girl" orientation (Conventional Morality) in Kohlbergs stages of development (8)?
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aka "Good Interpersonal Relationships"
At this stage, the individual - Finds peer approval very important - Makes moral decisions on the basis of what will please a limited group an make the person feel included - Thus models behavior on that of the "majority" which is the behavior of the "in crowd" or peer group - Feels that intentions are as important as deeds and expects others to accept intentions or promises in place of deeds - Begins to put himself/herself in another's shoes and think from another perspective - May continue to be in this stage until him/her has reached the 20s in age - People should live up to values of family and community. - You should trust and have compassion for one another |
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What happens at "Stage 4: The "Law and Order" Oreintation (Conventional Morality)" in Kohlbergs stages of development (7)?
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aka "Maintaining Social Order"
At this stage, the individual: - Continues past actions and behaviors in tradition since the maintenance of law and order is supremely important - Is a duty doer who believes in ridged rules that should not be changed - Respects authority and obeys it without question - Supports the rights of the majority or majority rule without concern for those in the minority - Is part of about 80% of the population that does not progress past stage 4 - Wants everybody to abide on certain laws - Looks at society as a whole/function orderly |
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What happens at "Stage 5: Social Contract (Post-Conventional Morality)" in Kohlbergs stages of development (8)?
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aka "Social Contract and Individual Rights"
At this stage, the individual: - Is motivated by the belief in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people - Believes in contracts in which both parties compromise and yet both receive benefits - Believes in consensus (everyone agrees), rather than in majority rule - Respects the rights of the minority especially the rights of the individual - Believes that change in the law is possible but only through the system - has reached the same stage as the official morality of the nation - Believes there isn't only 1 straight answer about the way the world should be. - Believes there is a difference between the way society is vs. way it should be. |
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What happens at "Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation (Post-Conventional Morality" in Kohlbergs stages of development (8)
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At this stage, the individual:
- Loses the ability to compromise high principles and thus may forfeit his/her life in order to uphold them - Believes that there are high moral principles than those represented by social rules and customes - Obeys these self-chosen high moral principles - Is willing to accept the consequences for disobedience of the social rule he/she has rejected - Uses only passive resistance and has no use for violence in any form - Believes in granting justice and dignity to all human beings as inalienable human rights - Respects justice for its moral nature and its legal nature - Believes that the dignity of humanity is sacred and that all humans have value |
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What does Gillian believe are the differences among gender moral development?
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Boys: Morality of Justice
Girls: Morality of Caring |
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Background on Kohlgerg's stage theories
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- based on longitudinal studies
- Stages rather than gradual development - Stages as progression/ improvement - Stages build on predecessors |
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Background on Kohlberg's 6-stage theory
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- Based on 20-year study of 84 boys
- Stages 1-3: from self-satisfaction to helping & pleasing others - Stages 4-6: From social consequences to abstract principles |
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T or F Piaget portrayed children as active participants in their own moral development?
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T. Moral development occurs as children act on, transform, and modify the world they live in. As they do, they in turn are transformed and modified by the consequences of their actions.
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What are Piaget's 2 stage theory of moral development?
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1. Heteronmous Morality
2. Autonomous Morality |
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Heteronomous Morality
(Piaget's theory of moral development) |
Arises from the unequal interaction between children and adults. Children develop a conception of moral rules as absolute, unchanging, and ridgid
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Autonomous morality
(Piaget's theory of moral development) |
Arises from the interaction among status equals- relationships among peers. Young people acquire a sense of justice- a concern for the rights of others, for equality, and for reciprocity in human relations.
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What are Prosocial Behaviors?
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- Altruism: benefit to other without expectation of reward
- Empathy: Ability to take someone elses perspective - Sharing and helping behavior are increased by: adult modeling, adult reinforcement when behavior is displayed |
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What is the most common indicator for violence?
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Violence in the family
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T or F extra circular activities and sports increase self-esteem
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T
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What is the most important thing for emotional and social development issues?
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Providing a safe and secure environment
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Is there more self esteem and success in same gender or co-gender schools?
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More in same-gender
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Coopersmith identifies what 3 parental attitudes that build high self esteem?
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1. Have high self-esteem and are accepting toward children
2. Enforce clearly defined limits 3. Show respect for child's rights and opinions |
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What are some gender differences in motor development during middle childhood?
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Differences are minimal, Girls tend to have greater flexibility and boys have greater forearm strength.
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In general, the female brain is "hard-wired" for ___ and ___, while the male brain shows advantages in understanding ____
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Empathy and Socialization
Boys: building systems: spatial and mathematical abilities |
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Does genetics play a role in weight?
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Yes, but behavior has a larger effect
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What does Piaget call the period of middle childhood?
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Period of Concrete operations.
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Period of concrete operations
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- children now recognize that the quantity of something stays the same despite changes in appearance.
- Children attain "reversibility of operations"- the initial state can be regained by pouring the water back into original container. - Children develop the ability to use "inductive logic": when given enough examples or provided with multiple experiences, children can come up with a general principle of how something operates - Not good at "deductive logic": starting with a concept or rule and then generating its application. - Have "horizontal decalage": acquiring each new skill is dependent on the acquisition of earlier skills |
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The greatest increase in ability to distinguish people's characteristics occurs between what ages?
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7-8
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How do children under 8 describe people?
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Largely in terms of external, readily observable attributes
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EQ
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Emotional Intelligence
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What has research shown when students are matched to instruction based on their preferred style of learning
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They process information faster, retain it longer, and are motivated to continue to learn
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Portfolio Assessment
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Any student is a whole being, not simply one who writes and speaks and calculates. The whole year of a child's academic life should not be reduced to a grade point average. Teachers should keep a portfolio of the best of a child's performances for the year.
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T or F maternal smoking may contribute to ADHD
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T
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IEP
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Individualised Education Plan. For all students classified as having any disability, including learning.
- Plan develped by school psychologist, child's teachers, independent child advocate, and the parent/guardian. - Legal document that insures the child w special learning needs will receive the needed educational support services in the least restrictive environment possible. |
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What does inclusion give children? When does it work well?
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Opportunity to attend the school they would have attended if they were not disabled.
- Works well when leaders are committed to making it work through designing, implementing, and supporting appropriate restructuring of the educational enterprise. |
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How did Freud believe that children develop a conscience?
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Through a sense of guilt for their actions.
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Do children become more honest as they get older?
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No
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What does Gilligan believe how boys and girls experience attachment?
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Experienced differntly
- Girls identify and are attached to their mothers, - Boys attachment changes from the mother to the father, where they identify with the father as a person of authority and power |
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Prosocial Behaviors
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Ways of responding to other people through sympathetic, cooperative, helpful, rescuing, comforting, sharing, and giving acts.
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What is Erikson's psychosocial stage during middle childhood? Describe
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Industry vs. Inferiority.
Children desire to try many new things and to develop their abilities. Those who are prevented from trying new activities, don't get the opportunity to try, or don't experience success in comparison to the group are likely to develop low self system. |
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How do children acquire positive, healthy self-esteem?
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If they are accepted, approved, and respected.
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How do children's self concepts develop?
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As they get feedback about their worth or status from the significant people in their lives
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What typically does a peer group do to children who cannot regulate their behaviors?
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Reject. Children must learn to regulate emotions to get along with the group.
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Who experiences more fears, anxiety, and stress, girls or boys?
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Girls, especially as they enter middle school years
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What are 2 important aspects of coping with stress for a child?
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1. Child's own sense of mastery
2. Locus of control: our perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in our lives. - external control: luck, chance, fate, power of others - internal control: outcome as the consequence of their own abilities or efforts |
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T or F children's unstructured play time has decreased sharply
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T
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More positive behaviors in children are associated with what?
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- warm parental relationships
- parents' expectations for closeness - Parents' expectation that the child will complete college |
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Sibling relationships are a good way for a child to learn what?
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conflict-resolution and negotiating skills
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How does motivation impact learning?
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rate of which students learn, retention of information, and performance. Ideally motivation comes from within (intrinsic motivation)
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T or F dyslexia is found more in girls than boys
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F.
Found more in boys |
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What is an early sign of dyslexia?
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Frustration learning
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What is a treatment for dyslexia?
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See the word when you say it
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How is one diagnosed with ADHD?
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- must have large # of symptoms
- have symptoms for 6+ months |
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What is most important to develop empathy?
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Attachment
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How can self efficacy be damaged? Why?
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If a parent does every task.
May be motivated to do this to save time, have difficulty letting go of control, inability to accept the child as they are. |
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Parenting Styles- Baumrind
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Want parents to be:
- competent/confident, firm, warm parenting, -High self esteem is the result of effective structure - More tolerance to a child's dependency lead to more development of empathy |
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Self Perception Profile for Children- Harter
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- #1 self esteem is based on looks
- #2 social acceptance - Athletic competency/physical activity - behavioral conduct - Need to feel part of something - Scholastic competency |
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What is the main reinforcer of self-regulation for children?
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Peers
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What do girls typically fear?
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Losing face with peers
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What do boys typically fear?
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Not having enough physical power, social power
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How should parents deal with children's fear?
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allow children to express emotion, acknowledge the fear, and offer support
Children's fears are different because their perception is different. |
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Girls have more self esteem before what age?
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13
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Boys self esteem increases after what age?
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13
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T or F self esteem is highest in African American girls
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T.
Especially girls who are tall, big strong, curves |
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T or F self esteem is high in Hispanic boys
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F.
Is lowest in Hispanic boys. Being strong and manly is very important |
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What can raise self-esteem?
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success
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Those who have lower self-esteem also have lower_____.
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Self efficacy
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what can low self esteem lead to
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drug use, teen pregnancy, spousal and child abuse, poor school/work, more crime
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What can sibling dynamics lead to worrying about?
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overshadowing
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What types of fears are present at age 4?
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Imaginary fears
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What types of fears are present at age 8?
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Unrealistic (ghosts, tigers, physical harm)
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What types of fears are present preadolescent?
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School violence and school failures
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T or F girls are more fearful than boys
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T
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Locus of Control
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Who or what is responsible: external or internal
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What are some coping strategies for stress?
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- become problem focused: what can we change and move towards solutions
- locus of control is important moderator |
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Who do children model their stress coping strategies after?
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Parents/caregivers
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Is there a genetic component to anxiety?
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Yes
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How does Trauma (PTSD) manifest itself with children?
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- numbing or helplessness
- increased irritability or aggressiveness - extreme anxiety - exaggerated startled response - sleep disturbances - bedwetting |
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What is the best treatment for children with PTSD?
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therapy, positive messages about the future: " this time will pass"
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How are kids spending his time?
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- more time studing
- less sports + outside time - more before + afterschool programs -less structured play time - more TV + computer time - If Dad works: 22 direct hours with parents, 19 if Mom + Dad work, 9 if single mom |
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What is the most important factor for children of divorced parents?
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Keeping parent conflict down, and having a safe + secure home environment. Child needs time with both parents
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How might parental income and divorce impact a child?
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If huge discrepancy of income= can cause child distress
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T or F Children tend to do better if they spend more time with same gender parent
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T
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What is the effect of divorce on fathering?
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Care-giving fathers- great social/emotional benefits.
Father's culturally accepting that parenting is a job |
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How does the child's age during divorce impact the child.
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better if the child is young/can't remember
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What is the dynamic of stepfathers and children?
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Stepfathers accepted by boys but can come between mothers and daughters
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Who should do the disciplining in stepfamilies?
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May be fewer conflicts if biological parent does disciplining.
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What is the dynamic of stepmothers and children?
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Stepmothers may slip into day-to-day activities easier with step children
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What are some risks for more money in families?
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- substance abuse
- eating disorders - anxiety + depression - Pressure to excel - Isolation from parents - Entitlement + less discipline to actually earn $ |
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What are some of the effects of divorce on children (thought process, steps)?
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- loyalty, stress, concern with safety, closeness and cooperation
- Acceptance, return to routine - Resolve loss of family - Anger + blame (often child directs towards 1 parent) - accept permanence (some children want parent to get back together - (hopefully) Believe in Relationships after |
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How can you prevent bulling?
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teach tolerance and cultural values. Intervention of adults to stop
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How do boys and girls bully?
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Boys: physical
Girls: Social exclusion |
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Bulling
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-Repeated aggression, imbalance of power
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What are some functions of peer groups?
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- arena to exercise independence
- relationship on an equal footing - Only social relationship where child is not marginalized - Agency for transmitting informal knowledge, fads, jokes, riddles, etc. |
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What are some characteristics of bullies?
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Rejecting, authoritarian, permissiveness toward aggression; discord
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What are some characteristics of "whipping boys"?
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Anxious, overprotective parenting; take special care to avoid aggression
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