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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Midbrain and Medulla
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most developed part of the brain at birth
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Cerebral Cortex
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least developed part of the brain at birth
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Synaptogenesis
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connections between neurons,
occurs rapidly during 1st years, brain weight quadruples by 4yr |
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Pruning
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eliminating unused nerual pathways and connections
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Plasticity
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brain's ability to change in response to experience
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Synaptic Development
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challenging environments create complex networks of synapses,
changes in psychological functioning are tied to changes in the brain through out lifespan |
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Myelinization
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formation of myelin sheath-a covering around ind. axons, provides insulation, speeds up neuranal processes,
most rapid during 1st 2 years, follows Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal patterns |
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Cephalocaudal growth pattern
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growth occurs from the brain down
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Proximodistal growth pattern
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growth occurs from the inside out
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Adaptive Reflexes
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help survival-sucking, withdrawal from pain,
weak or absent reflexes warn of neuronal development problems |
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Primitive Reflexes
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controlled by less sophisticated parts of the brain-Moro(startle)refles,
Babinski (curled toes), these should disappear after 6-8 months |
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States of Consciousness
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patterns of sleep and movement stablize,
Neonates sleep 80%, 8weeks-sleep through the night, 6months-14hrs of sleep daily, |
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Crying
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basic cry-hunger(rhythmic pattern),
anger cry-louder, intense, pain cry-abrupt onset |
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Growth at age 1
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10-12 in of growth,
infants triple in body weight |
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Growth at age 2
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toddlers reach half their adult size,
larger heads |
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Motor skills
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interact with other aspects of physical development,
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Ossification
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hardening of the bones,
begins at prenatal development, goes through puberty, motor development depends on it |
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Breast-feeding
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contibutes to more rapid weight gain,
suffer from common illnesses less often, better immune system functioning, |
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Bottle-feeding
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supplements for preterm babies,
special needs formulas available, high quality |
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Solid foods
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don't help babies sleep through the night,
should start b/t 4-6 months |
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Macronutrient malnutrition
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diet containg too few calories,
leading cause of death worldwide in kids under 5 |
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Marasmus
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severe calorie deficit,
extremely small bodies, may cause permanent brain damage |
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Kwashiorkor
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diet too low in protein
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Micronutrient malnutrition
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deficiency of certain vitamins &/or minerals
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Infant Mortality
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varies widely amoung ethnic groups,
related to prenatal care, higher in U.S. than others, |
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SIDS
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leading cause of death in U.S.,
1-12 months, apnea-brief cessations of breathing, more frequent if they sleep on their stomach, smoking increases risk |
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Vision
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approximately 20-20 by age2,
color vision-red, green, & blue are present at 1 month, sense of color is the same as and adult's |
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Tracking
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process of following a moving object,
starts inefficient but improves |
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Health Care and Immunization
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motor skills are assessed by doctors,
vaccinations are important |
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Illnesses within the first 2 years
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respiratory illnesses are common,
chronic ear infections |
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Hearing
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high-pitched noises are only heard if they're loud,
can locate direction of sound at birth, hear adult voices well |
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Smelling and Tasting
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they react differently to basic tastes at birth
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Preference Technique
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how long a baby attends to a specific stimulus
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Habituation/Dishabituation
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loss of interest in a particular stimulus after repeated exposures, the more familiar the less time they spend looking at it
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Depth Perception:
Binocular cues |
involve both eyes,
closer an object the more the view from the two eyes differs, info from eye muscles tells about the distance |
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Depth Perception:
Monocular cues |
input from one eye,
interposition, linear perspective |
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Depth Perception:
Kinetic cues |
motion from objects or the eyes
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Empiricists
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think perceptual abilities are learned,
experience is needed to develop |
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Nativists
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think perceptual abilities are inborn
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Intermodal perception
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learn in one sense modality, transfer info. to another modality
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Mother's voice and face
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are prefered to all others soon after birth
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