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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Midbrain and Medulla
most developed part of the brain at birth
Cerebral Cortex
least developed part of the brain at birth
Synaptogenesis
connections between neurons,
occurs rapidly during 1st years,
brain weight quadruples by 4yr
Pruning
eliminating unused nerual pathways and connections
Plasticity
brain's ability to change in response to experience
Synaptic Development
challenging environments create complex networks of synapses,
changes in psychological functioning are tied to changes in the brain through out lifespan
Myelinization
formation of myelin sheath-a covering around ind. axons, provides insulation, speeds up neuranal processes,
most rapid during 1st 2 years,
follows Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal patterns
Cephalocaudal growth pattern
growth occurs from the brain down
Proximodistal growth pattern
growth occurs from the inside out
Adaptive Reflexes
help survival-sucking, withdrawal from pain,
weak or absent reflexes warn of neuronal development problems
Primitive Reflexes
controlled by less sophisticated parts of the brain-Moro(startle)refles,
Babinski (curled toes),
these should disappear after 6-8 months
States of Consciousness
patterns of sleep and movement stablize,
Neonates sleep 80%,
8weeks-sleep through the night,
6months-14hrs of sleep daily,
Crying
basic cry-hunger(rhythmic pattern),
anger cry-louder, intense,
pain cry-abrupt onset
Growth at age 1
10-12 in of growth,
infants triple in body weight
Growth at age 2
toddlers reach half their adult size,
larger heads
Motor skills
interact with other aspects of physical development,
Ossification
hardening of the bones,
begins at prenatal development,
goes through puberty,
motor development depends on it
Breast-feeding
contibutes to more rapid weight gain,
suffer from common illnesses less often,
better immune system functioning,
Bottle-feeding
supplements for preterm babies,
special needs formulas available,
high quality
Solid foods
don't help babies sleep through the night,
should start b/t 4-6 months
Macronutrient malnutrition
diet containg too few calories,
leading cause of death worldwide in kids under 5
Marasmus
severe calorie deficit,
extremely small bodies,
may cause permanent brain damage
Kwashiorkor
diet too low in protein
Micronutrient malnutrition
deficiency of certain vitamins &/or minerals
Infant Mortality
varies widely amoung ethnic groups,
related to prenatal care,
higher in U.S. than others,
SIDS
leading cause of death in U.S.,
1-12 months, apnea-brief cessations of breathing,
more frequent if they sleep on their stomach,
smoking increases risk
Vision
approximately 20-20 by age2,
color vision-red, green, & blue are present at 1 month,
sense of color is the same as and adult's
Tracking
process of following a moving object,
starts inefficient but improves
Health Care and Immunization
motor skills are assessed by doctors,
vaccinations are important
Illnesses within the first 2 years
respiratory illnesses are common,
chronic ear infections
Hearing
high-pitched noises are only heard if they're loud,
can locate direction of sound at birth,
hear adult voices well
Smelling and Tasting
they react differently to basic tastes at birth
Preference Technique
how long a baby attends to a specific stimulus
Habituation/Dishabituation
loss of interest in a particular stimulus after repeated exposures, the more familiar the less time they spend looking at it
Depth Perception:
Binocular cues
involve both eyes,
closer an object the more the view from the two eyes differs,
info from eye muscles tells about the distance
Depth Perception:
Monocular cues
input from one eye,
interposition,
linear perspective
Depth Perception:
Kinetic cues
motion from objects or the eyes
Empiricists
think perceptual abilities are learned,
experience is needed to develop
Nativists
think perceptual abilities are inborn
Intermodal perception
learn in one sense modality, transfer info. to another modality
Mother's voice and face
are prefered to all others soon after birth