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48 Cards in this Set

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True or False: Very long chain fatty acids can be burned in the mitochondria
false
what is the major Fatty acid synthesised by humans? How many carbons does it have?
Palmitic acid
16:0
what three fatty acids strongly raise serum cholesterol lvevels?
Myristic acid
Palmitic acid
Lauric acid (least)
What Fatty acid plays a role in colon health
Butyric acid
what two mono-unsaturated FA play a major role in health
Oleic acid--> most common FA in nature helps produce cholesterol
Nervonic acid--> major FA in brain sphingolipids used for myelin.
what Omega-6 polyunsturated FA are essential?
Linoleic acid
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (precursor for anit-inflammatory eicosanoids)
Arachidonic acid (most abundant in brain)
What kind of FA deficiency would a person have if they had the following symptoms:
Growth retardation
Skin lesions
Reproductive failure
Fatty liver
Polydispsia
Omega-6 FA deficiency.
what Omega-3 FA are essential?
Alpha-linolenic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid (precursor for anti-inflammation)
Docosahexanenoic acid (second most in brain)
Name two signs and symptoms of Omega-3 FA deficiency.
Two of these:
Normal skin growth
Reduced learning
Abnormal electroretinogram
impaired vision
polydispsia (excessive thirst)
True or False: Linoleic acid is (potentially) toxic
True
Linoleic acid is an omega-6 FA which is consumed to much in American diets...
how are FA transported in the blood?
Albumin

What about chylomicrons?
No, Triglycerides are transported as chylomicrons.
What two proteins move FA into and out of adipose tissue?
Lipoprotein lipase

Hormone sensitive lipase
True or True: Daniel Garrison is the World's most awesomest man.
True
(you can't miss this one, true was your only two choices)
True or False: The Brain consumes lots of glucose so it doesn't consume any Fatty acids.
False. the Brain is one of six tissues which consume large amounts of FA. the other five are:

a. Liver
b. Adipose Tissue
c. Lactating Mammary gland
d. Muscle
f. Kidney
What do we produce that can only be used for fatty acid synthesis?
Malonyl-CoA
What is the rate limiting step in FA synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

i. This enzyme catalyzes acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in two steps
ii. Biotin is a prosthetic group.
iii. The two steps are 1. ATP dependent carboxylation of biotin 2. Transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA .
True or False: Fatty Acid Sunthase complex is a dimer.
True.
The two copies are aligned anti-parallel which favors inter subunit transfer.
True or False: Fatty Acids are synthesized by only one enzyme
False.
every time more carbons are added a different enzyme is needed to add more carbon.
name the four parts of Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
Acetyl Group
3',5'-ADP
Pantothenic acid --> B5
beta-mercapto-ethylamine (cysteine derived)
what are the 4 steps of FA synthesis?
Condensation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction of double bond
Describe the regulation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Polymerized state of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is most active
Phosphorylation promotes depolymerized form.
Name three things which inhibit/ phosphoylate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
iii. AMP --> activates AMP dependent kinase phosphorylate acetyl-CoA carboxylase
iv. Glucagon/Epinephrine --> activates cyclic AMP dependent Protein Kinase Gllucagon also inhibits gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
v. Polmitoyl-CoA --> feeds back to transform Acetyl-CoA carboxylase from the polymerized state to monomer state
vi. DHA and EPA--> suppress expression of the gene that codes for acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Name two things which activate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
viii. Insulin --> activates a phosphatase to polymerize Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the unphosphorylated state. Also increase gene expression.
vii. Citrate --> a feed forward activator of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Can also make phosphorylated monomers polymerize.
How do we regulate Fatty acid synthase?
i. Control is through gene expression
Name two things that increase production of Fatty acid synthase.
Insulin
glucose
Both act to raise SREBP-1 levels.
SREBP-1 binds to DNA and promotes expression of Fatty acid synthase
What four things lower Fatty acid synthase levels
Leptin
DHA
EPA
Glucagon
How is acetyl-CoA formed in the liver for FA synthesis
Amino acid degradation
Bonus point:
Describe the citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle system.
This system moves Acetyle CoA from the mitochondria to the cystosol.
f. Citrate-Malate-pyruvate shuttle
i. Citrate lyase --> cleaves citrate (which just left the mitochondria) to produce acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid.
ii. Malate Dehydrogenase --> converts oxaloacetic acid to malic acid (back to Mitochondrion)
iii. Malic Enzyme --> produces NADPH forms pyruvate
iv.Pyruvate Carboxylase --> converts pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid to keep the TCA cycle going.
v. Pyruvate Dehyrogenase --> converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
vi. Citrate Synthase --> forms citrate via oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA
Where does NADPH needed for FA synthesis come from?
Citrat shuttle --> Malic Anzyme
Pentose Phosphate pathway (2)
1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
2. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase
What are the four steps of Beta oxidation
i. Oxidize
ii. Hydrate
iii. Oxidize
iv. Cleave
True or False: peroxisome directly produce ATP via long chain fatty acid beta oxidation.
False
peroxisome export NADH and acetyl-Coa
True or False: Long chain fatty acids enter the mitochondria through proton pump anti-porter.
False
Carnitine is needed to import long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria
What enzyme is used to trap Fatty acids
Fatty acy-CoA synthase (ACS)
Enzyme works in to steps
Adds AMP
Replaces AMP with Acyl-CoA
True or False: trapping of short chain FA occurs in cytoplasm.
True
f.Trapping occurs in the ER (medium long very long),
outer mitochondrial membrane(Long),
peroxisome membrane (very long and long),
mitochondrial matrix(short and medium),
and the cytoplasm(short).
What amino acid is needed for carnitine synthesis?
Bonus, what other compounds are needed
Lysine
bonus--> methionine (to form SAM) is needed as well as, B6, Iron, Vitamin C and Niacin. Carnitine is made in the liver and mitochondria
What two enzymes are needed to move Long chain FA and Carnitine into the mitochondria?
CAT1 and CAT2

My Sad story:
(I once had a CAT named carnitine but he ran away)
How does Malonyl-CoA inhibit beta oxidation?
i. Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine polmitoyl transferase I and prevents movement of FA into mitochondrion
True or False: Leptin and glucagon stimulate beta oxidation.
True.
These are the only two. Which makes sense because these two hormones are the hormones of energy poor states.
They are apposed to insulin (energy rich)
What is the product of odd chain beta oxidation?
What do we do with this product?
Propionyl-CoA (makes sense because proply groups are three carbon groups)
We make glucose (remember from gluconeogenesis)
How many enzymes are needed for Mono unsaturated beta oxidation? how many for Poly?
mon=1 enzyme --> Enoyl-CoA
poly = 3 enzymes
1. Enoyl-CoA
2. Dienoyl-CoA reductase
3. Dienoyl-CoA Isomerase
Daniel will one day be a doctor?
Maybe...

reframe: I like doctors.
why did the mushroom go the the party?
He's a Fungi
Were are ketone bodies formed
Liver
Name one example of a ketone body.
Acetoacetate --> produces 2 acetyl-CoA molecules
Beta-hydroxy butyrate--> produces NADH
Acetone--> is excreated
True or False: D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase converts acetoacetic acid to beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
True.
This put more electrons into the ketone body.
name one of three enzymes needed for ketone body formation.
Bonus: what is needed for ketone body production?
Ketibe bodiesare formed by these three enzymes
Thiolase
HMG-CoA synthase
HMG-CoA Lyase
Bonus: Cuccinyl-CoA is needed for Ketone body production
Name at least two precipitating factors of Diabetic ketoacidosis.
Precipitating Factors
i. Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus --> Type I without insulin
ii. Septic Shock--> Type I or Type II Diabetic
iii. Myocardial infarction --> type I or type II diabetic
iv. Pregnancy--> 3% of US women develop life threatening ketoacidosis.
Name the treatment for ketoacidosis.
i. Insulin for type I
ii. Oral hypoglycemic if insulin doesn’t work (Type II)