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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or False: Very long chain fatty acids can be burned in the mitochondria
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false
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what is the major Fatty acid synthesised by humans? How many carbons does it have?
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Palmitic acid
16:0 |
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what three fatty acids strongly raise serum cholesterol lvevels?
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Myristic acid
Palmitic acid Lauric acid (least) |
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What Fatty acid plays a role in colon health
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Butyric acid
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what two mono-unsaturated FA play a major role in health
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Oleic acid--> most common FA in nature helps produce cholesterol
Nervonic acid--> major FA in brain sphingolipids used for myelin. |
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what Omega-6 polyunsturated FA are essential?
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Linoleic acid
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (precursor for anit-inflammatory eicosanoids) Arachidonic acid (most abundant in brain) |
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What kind of FA deficiency would a person have if they had the following symptoms:
Growth retardation Skin lesions Reproductive failure Fatty liver Polydispsia |
Omega-6 FA deficiency.
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what Omega-3 FA are essential?
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Alpha-linolenic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid (precursor for anti-inflammation) Docosahexanenoic acid (second most in brain) |
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Name two signs and symptoms of Omega-3 FA deficiency.
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Two of these:
Normal skin growth Reduced learning Abnormal electroretinogram impaired vision polydispsia (excessive thirst) |
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True or False: Linoleic acid is (potentially) toxic
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True
Linoleic acid is an omega-6 FA which is consumed to much in American diets... |
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how are FA transported in the blood?
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Albumin
What about chylomicrons? No, Triglycerides are transported as chylomicrons. |
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What two proteins move FA into and out of adipose tissue?
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Lipoprotein lipase
Hormone sensitive lipase |
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True or True: Daniel Garrison is the World's most awesomest man.
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True
(you can't miss this one, true was your only two choices) |
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True or False: The Brain consumes lots of glucose so it doesn't consume any Fatty acids.
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False. the Brain is one of six tissues which consume large amounts of FA. the other five are:
a. Liver b. Adipose Tissue c. Lactating Mammary gland d. Muscle f. Kidney |
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What do we produce that can only be used for fatty acid synthesis?
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Malonyl-CoA
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What is the rate limiting step in FA synthesis?
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
i. This enzyme catalyzes acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in two steps ii. Biotin is a prosthetic group. iii. The two steps are 1. ATP dependent carboxylation of biotin 2. Transfer of the carboxyl group to acetyl-CoA . |
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True or False: Fatty Acid Sunthase complex is a dimer.
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True.
The two copies are aligned anti-parallel which favors inter subunit transfer. |
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True or False: Fatty Acids are synthesized by only one enzyme
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False.
every time more carbons are added a different enzyme is needed to add more carbon. |
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name the four parts of Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
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Acetyl Group
3',5'-ADP Pantothenic acid --> B5 beta-mercapto-ethylamine (cysteine derived) |
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what are the 4 steps of FA synthesis?
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Condensation
Reduction Dehydration Reduction of double bond |
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Describe the regulation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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Polymerized state of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is most active
Phosphorylation promotes depolymerized form. |
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Name three things which inhibit/ phosphoylate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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iii. AMP --> activates AMP dependent kinase phosphorylate acetyl-CoA carboxylase
iv. Glucagon/Epinephrine --> activates cyclic AMP dependent Protein Kinase Gllucagon also inhibits gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase v. Polmitoyl-CoA --> feeds back to transform Acetyl-CoA carboxylase from the polymerized state to monomer state vi. DHA and EPA--> suppress expression of the gene that codes for acetyl-CoA carboxylase. |
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Name two things which activate Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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viii. Insulin --> activates a phosphatase to polymerize Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the unphosphorylated state. Also increase gene expression.
vii. Citrate --> a feed forward activator of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Can also make phosphorylated monomers polymerize. |
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How do we regulate Fatty acid synthase?
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i. Control is through gene expression
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Name two things that increase production of Fatty acid synthase.
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Insulin
glucose Both act to raise SREBP-1 levels. SREBP-1 binds to DNA and promotes expression of Fatty acid synthase |
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What four things lower Fatty acid synthase levels
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Leptin
DHA EPA Glucagon |
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How is acetyl-CoA formed in the liver for FA synthesis
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Amino acid degradation
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Bonus point:
Describe the citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle system. This system moves Acetyle CoA from the mitochondria to the cystosol. |
f. Citrate-Malate-pyruvate shuttle
i. Citrate lyase --> cleaves citrate (which just left the mitochondria) to produce acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid. ii. Malate Dehydrogenase --> converts oxaloacetic acid to malic acid (back to Mitochondrion) iii. Malic Enzyme --> produces NADPH forms pyruvate iv.Pyruvate Carboxylase --> converts pyruvate to oxaloacetic acid to keep the TCA cycle going. v. Pyruvate Dehyrogenase --> converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA vi. Citrate Synthase --> forms citrate via oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA |
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Where does NADPH needed for FA synthesis come from?
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Citrat shuttle --> Malic Anzyme
Pentose Phosphate pathway (2) 1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 2. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase |
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What are the four steps of Beta oxidation
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i. Oxidize
ii. Hydrate iii. Oxidize iv. Cleave |
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True or False: peroxisome directly produce ATP via long chain fatty acid beta oxidation.
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False
peroxisome export NADH and acetyl-Coa |
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True or False: Long chain fatty acids enter the mitochondria through proton pump anti-porter.
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False
Carnitine is needed to import long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria |
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What enzyme is used to trap Fatty acids
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Fatty acy-CoA synthase (ACS)
Enzyme works in to steps Adds AMP Replaces AMP with Acyl-CoA |
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True or False: trapping of short chain FA occurs in cytoplasm.
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True
f.Trapping occurs in the ER (medium long very long), outer mitochondrial membrane(Long), peroxisome membrane (very long and long), mitochondrial matrix(short and medium), and the cytoplasm(short). |
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What amino acid is needed for carnitine synthesis?
Bonus, what other compounds are needed |
Lysine
bonus--> methionine (to form SAM) is needed as well as, B6, Iron, Vitamin C and Niacin. Carnitine is made in the liver and mitochondria |
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What two enzymes are needed to move Long chain FA and Carnitine into the mitochondria?
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CAT1 and CAT2
My Sad story: (I once had a CAT named carnitine but he ran away) |
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How does Malonyl-CoA inhibit beta oxidation?
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i. Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine polmitoyl transferase I and prevents movement of FA into mitochondrion
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True or False: Leptin and glucagon stimulate beta oxidation.
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True.
These are the only two. Which makes sense because these two hormones are the hormones of energy poor states. They are apposed to insulin (energy rich) |
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What is the product of odd chain beta oxidation?
What do we do with this product? |
Propionyl-CoA (makes sense because proply groups are three carbon groups)
We make glucose (remember from gluconeogenesis) |
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How many enzymes are needed for Mono unsaturated beta oxidation? how many for Poly?
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mon=1 enzyme --> Enoyl-CoA
poly = 3 enzymes 1. Enoyl-CoA 2. Dienoyl-CoA reductase 3. Dienoyl-CoA Isomerase |
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Daniel will one day be a doctor?
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Maybe...
reframe: I like doctors. |
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why did the mushroom go the the party?
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He's a Fungi
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Were are ketone bodies formed
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Liver
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Name one example of a ketone body.
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Acetoacetate --> produces 2 acetyl-CoA molecules
Beta-hydroxy butyrate--> produces NADH Acetone--> is excreated |
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True or False: D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase converts acetoacetic acid to beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
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True.
This put more electrons into the ketone body. |
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name one of three enzymes needed for ketone body formation.
Bonus: what is needed for ketone body production? |
Ketibe bodiesare formed by these three enzymes
Thiolase HMG-CoA synthase HMG-CoA Lyase Bonus: Cuccinyl-CoA is needed for Ketone body production |
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Name at least two precipitating factors of Diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Precipitating Factors
i. Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus --> Type I without insulin ii. Septic Shock--> Type I or Type II Diabetic iii. Myocardial infarction --> type I or type II diabetic iv. Pregnancy--> 3% of US women develop life threatening ketoacidosis. |
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Name the treatment for ketoacidosis.
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i. Insulin for type I
ii. Oral hypoglycemic if insulin doesn’t work (Type II) |