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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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action,yes bovis lumpy jaw
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auditory tube opening nasopharynx
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conjoined teat
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dual action emasculatome
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elastrator
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gorlach needle
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hug knife
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normal jersey larynx
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johnson button used for vaginal prolapse
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normal larynx
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nasopharyngeal septum in nasopharynx
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newberry knife to make scrotal incision during castration
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ocular dermoid
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rumen distension causing papple shape
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plastic corkscrew trocar for rumen bloat
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rectal prolapse ring
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reduces hemorrhage from cornual artery during dehorning
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rumen board for rumenotomy
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single action crushing emasculatome
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stainless steel trocar for rumen bloat
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toggle pin for abomasal displacement
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toggle suture for abomasal displacement
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What pH indicates rumen acidosis?
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5.5 or less
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Normal rumen pH?
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5.5-7.5 depending on diet
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Sites for abdominocentesis:
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cranial: midline to right milk vein just caudal to xyphoid; caudal: just above udder on right side under flank flod
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What is paradoxic aciduria?
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Cow with hypochloremic alkalosis should retain H ions but because of dehydration retains Na. kidney needs to excrete a positive ion and because of hypokalemia, H is only ion available
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Types of vagal indigestion:
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1) failure of eructation 2) failure of omasal transport 3) pyloric outflow obstruction 4) vagal nerve dysfunction
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Causes of failure of eructation (type 1 VI):
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free gas bloat, esophageal obstruction, obstruction at the cardia, right lateral recumbency
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Causes of omasal transport failure (type 2 VI):
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hardware disease, liver abscesses, peritonitis, neoplasia or mass
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Causes of pyloric outflow obstruction (type 3 VI):
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abomasal volvulus, displacement or impaction
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Causes of left sided ping:
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rumen tympany, collapse or void, LDA, pneumoperitoneum
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Causes of right sided ping:
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distention of proximal colon, cecal dilation or volvulus, RDA, SI lesion, pneumoperitoneum, pneumorectum
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Prohibited antibiotics in food animals:
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chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, most sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, vancomycin
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Most important nerves of ruminant flank:
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last thoracic, 1st and 2nd lumbar
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What innervates the ventral abdomen from the level of the costal arch?
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Caudal intercostal nerves
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Vascular supply to ventral abdomen:
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cranial and caudal epigastric, internal thoracic, external pudendal
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Vascular supply to flank:
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parietal branches of aorta, mostly deep circumflex iliac artery
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GI that can be exteriorized:
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pyloric region of abomasum, cranial duodenum, descending duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, most of spiral loop of ascending colon, most of proximal loop of ascending colon, some of distal loop of ascending colon
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GI that can not be exteriorized but can be palpated:
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abomasum, duodenum, proximal jejunum, proximal and distal aspect of spiral colon, portions of ascending colon, descending colon, rectum
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GI that can not be exteriorized or palpated:
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transverse colon, ascending duodenum, portions of distal loop of ascending colon
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Abdominal structures accessed with left PLF:
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rumen, reticulum, spleen, diaphragm, repro tract, bladder, left kidney, abomasum if LDA
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Abdominal structures accessed with right PLF:
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pyloric abomasum, SI, LI, repro tract, bladder, kidneys
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Causes of acidosis:
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calves with diarrhea, CHO engorgement, choke, dysphagia, diarrhea, fatty liver disease, ketosis, urinary tract disease
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Formula for base requirements:
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Base (mEq) = base deficit x 0.3 x body weight
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Causes of metabolic alkalosis:
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VI, abomasal displacement or volvulus, TPR, abomasal ulcers, peritonitis, renal disease, anything causing anorexia and GI stasis
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Anesthesia for dehorning:
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corneal nerve on ventrolateral aspect of frontal ridge halfway between lateral canthus and base of horse (cattle) corneal nerve and infratrochlear nerve, infratrochlear halfway between medial canthus of eye and medial horn base dorsal and parallel to dorsomedial margin or orbit (goats)
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When does the horn communicate with the frontal sinus?
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4-6 months of age
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Horn blood supply:
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corneal artery, branch of superficial temporal artery
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Trephination of frontal sinus:
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4 cm caudal to caudal edge of orbit (posterior orbital), 2.5 cm from midline on line passing through orbit center (rostral), just caudal to the nasal bone divergence 2.5 cm from midline (turbinate), bulge of frontal (caudal/ dorsal)
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Trephination of maxillary sinus:
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dorsal and caudal to facial tubercle
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Permanent tooth formula:
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0/3 I, 0/1 C, 3/3 PM, 3/3 M
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Bacteria of lumpy jaw:
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actinomyces bovis (gram positive hyphae)
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Surgical treatment of type 1-3 VI:
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rumen trocar (type 1), left flank celiotomy & rumentotomy (type 2,3) or right flank, paramedian or paracostal (type 3)
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Approaches to rumentomy:
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with rumen board (similar Weingarth apparatus), suturing rumen wall to skin
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Sequella of abomasal outflow:
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accumulation of H and Cl in lumen leading to hypochloremic metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, hypokalemia for reduced intake
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Abomasal displacement syndomes:
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LDA>RDA>RVA
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LDA:
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abomasum relocates to left side of midline between rumen and left body wall
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Treatment of LDA:
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medical (fluids, intestinal stimulants), minimally invasive closed procedures (rolling, blind tack, toggle pin, laparoscopic toggle pin), surgical ( right PLF omentopexy, right PLF pyloropexy, right paramedian abomasopexy, left PLF abomasopexy)
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Complications of rolling LDA:
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redevelop LDA
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Complications of blind tack or toggle pin LDA:
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redisplacement, abomasal rupture, peritonitis, cellulitis, pexy of other structures, partial or complete abomasal obstruction, fistulation, thrombophlebitis of subcutaneous vein
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Requirements for stable omentopexy:
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site close as possible to pyloduodenamal junction without interfering with duodenal function, distribution of pexy over wide area, incorporation of peritoneum in pexy, suture lasting long enough to form firm fibrous adhesions
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Complications of R PLF omentopexy:
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recurrence, incisional infection, peritonitis
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Site of pyloropexy:
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at least 5 cm proximal to pylorus
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Complications of R PLF pyloropexy:
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recurrence, peritonitis, interference with duodenal motility
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Complications of right paramedian abomasopexy:
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incisional hemorrhage, dehiscence, herniation, fistulation, redisplacement
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Complications of L PLF abomasopexy:
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injury to milk vein, entrapment of omentum or SI between abomasum & ventral body wall, improper positioning of abomasum leading to outflow obstruction
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RDA or RVA:
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abomasum dilates and moves dorsally (RDA) or twists on lesser omentum (RVA)
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Treatment of RDA/RVA:
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R PLF omentopexy, R PLF pyloropexy, less common right paramedian abomasopexy
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Management of abomasal impaction:
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medical (fluids, lubricants, stimulants, prokinetics), surgical (rumenotomy, right paracostal or paramedian, R PLF for access only to pyloric region)
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Types of abomasal ulcers:
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1: nonpenetrating 2:profuse intraluminal hemorrhage 3: perforations with localized peritonitis 4: perforations with diffuse peritonitis
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Bacteria of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome:
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c. perfringens A
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Causes of CDD:
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hypocalcemia, elevated VFA
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Treatment of CDD:
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medical (fludis, NSAIDs, prokinetics), surgical (R PLF typhlotomy, R PLF cecal amputation)
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Complications of typhlotomy:
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peritonitis, recurrence
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Ruminant GI tract from oral to aboral:
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mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, PLAC, spiral colon, distal ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum
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How can the spiral colon be bypasses?
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Anastomosis of the ileum to the descending colon or the oral spiral colon to the descending colon
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Arterial supply to mammary gland:
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external pudendal, with small contribution by the mammary branch of the ventral perineal artery
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Innervation to mammary gland:
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L1, L2 and genitofemoral nerve (lumbar) and mammary branch of pudendal nerve (sacral)
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Treatment of chronic mastitis:
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teat amputation for drainage with gangrenous mastitis, chemical ablation, ligation of external pudendal vessels, mastectomy
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Indication for ligation of external pudendal vessels:
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gangrenous mastitis to prevent hematogenous toxin absorption
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Describe external pudendal vessel ligation:
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inguinal approach, vessels located exiting inguinal canal, ligated (2 cardiac, 1 mammary) and transected
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Components of teat:
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teat wall, apex with streak canal, teat sinus
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What is the teat sinus continuous with?
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Gland sinus
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What separates the teat sinus from the gland sinus?
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Annular ring (venous ring of Furstenberg)
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What are the layers of the teat wall?
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From inner to outer wall: 2 layered cuboidal epithelium, submucosa, connective tissue layer, smooth muscle layer
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What is the intermediate layer of the teat?
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Combined connective tissue and smooth muscle layers
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What are other terms for the streak canal?
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Teat canal, papillary duct
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What lines the streak canal?
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Stratisfied squamous epithelium and keratin
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What is the rosette of Furstenberg?
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Junction of the stratisfied squamous epithelium of the streak canal and the cuboidal epithelium of the teat sinus wall
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Where is the teat sphincter?
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Beneath the rosette of Furstenberg
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What is the teat sphincter composed of?
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Circularly oriented bundles of smooth muscle fibers
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Treatment of supranumerary teats:
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ages 3-6 months, cut off with scissors; older than 6 months, emasculator removal; adults, amputation-like removal
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Treatment of conjoined teats:
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resection of tissue and closure of accessory gland
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Complication of teat laceration repair:
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partial or total dehiscence, necrosis, fistula formation, impaired milk flow, increased somatic cell count, acute mastitis
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Indication for teat amputation:
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any teat damage that can not be corrected
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Describe teat amputation:
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clamp placed proximally, teat amputated elliptical incision in cranial to caudal plane, submucosa and intermediate layers closed together, skin closed
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What is thelotomy?
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Incision/ opening into the teat sinus
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What is theloscopy?
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Introduction of a 3mm endoscope through the streak canal to evaluate the teat sinus and rosette of furstenburg
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What is theloresectoscopy?
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Passage of >3mm endoscope through lateral aspect of teat, after insufflation, into the teat sinus
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Treatment options for teat obstructions:
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if at rosette, can be cut with Hug knife, resection of obstructing tissue with thelotomy or theloscopy (or theloresectoscopy)
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Main complications of teat surgery:
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mastitis, increased somatic cell count, reduced milk flow, wound dehiscence
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Proximal paravertebral block:
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placed from dorsal direction just cranial to transverse processes less than 2.5 cm from midline
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Distal paravertebral block:
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placed parallel to the long axis of the transverse process, dorsal and ventral to process using 18 gauge 1.5 inch needle
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Blockade with proximal paravertebral block:
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T13-L2 (inject from cranial to L5 to L1)
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Advantage of proximal paravertebral block:
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minimal anesthetic required, large area of desensitization, no lidocaine at incision, rapid onset
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Disadvantages of proximal paravertebral block:
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difficulty finding landmarks in fat cattle, scoliosis, ataxia, risk of penetrating major blood vessel of spinal canal
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Blockade with distal paravertebral block:
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T13-L2 (block at L4 to L1)
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Advantages of distal paravertebral block:
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no scoliosis or ataxia, less risk of penetrating major vessels or nerves, use of common size needles
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Disadvantages of distal paravertebral block:
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increase lidocaine, incomplete or inadequate anesthesia with variable position of nerves, difficulty locating transverse processes in fat cattle
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how is a counter clockwise RVA corrected?
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Left forearm medial to abomasum, rocking laterally, ventrally then caudally to free duodenum OR left forearm ventral to omasum, lift omasum dorsal then lateral +/- the first approach
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Approaches to pharynx:
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transhyoid pharnygotomy
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Describe transhoyid pharyngotomy:
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ventral midline incision between rostral basihyoid and thyroid cartilage, extended through thyroid cartilage, split basihyoid bone, oropharyngeal mucosa incised, closure of basihyoid with wire, sternothyroid muscle apposed, remained left to heal by second intention
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treatment for DDSP:
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resection of sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles
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Approaches to larynx:
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laryngotomy, pharyngotomy, cranial tracheotomy or tracheolaryngostomy
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Describe laryngotomy
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ventral midline incision over larynx, excision through thyroid and cricoid cartilages
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Describe tracholaryngotomy:
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oval incision made over ventral larynx and proximal tracheal rings, excision through cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage, first 3 tracheal rings, section of tracheal and cricoid cartilage removed matching skin incision, tracheal and laryngeal mucosa closed
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