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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deterrence theory |
assumes humans are rational beings that attempt to avoid sanctions. The greater the perceived likelihood of getting caught, and the perceived severity of the sanctions, the less likely the individual is to engage in a deviant behavior |
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Intergenerational transmission |
refers to a pattern of abuse that continues from one generation to the next (e.g., abusive parents were themselves abused as children) |
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Substantiated |
the determination, made by APS or CPS, that a preponderance of evidence suggests that a reported incident of abuse did in fact occur |
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Self-report surveys |
are mail, phone, or face-to-face surveys of the general public designed to measure rates of VMIR |
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Perpetration surveys |
are phone or face-to-face surveys of the general public concerning VMIR and focus on obtaining information from VMIR perpetrators |
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Victimization surveys |
are phone or face-to-face surveys of the general public concerning VMIR and focus on obtaining information from VMIR victims |
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Repressed memories |
are traumatic events that are sometimes blocked from conscious memory |
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Official statistics |
refer to estimates of VMIR derived from statistics that come from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, social service agencies, or professionals; these estimates represent the amount of VMIR that comes to the attention of authorities |
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Uniform crime report (UCR) |
a nationwide effort by the FBI to collect and report crimes, number of arrests, and persons arrested. It is the most common and widely used form of official statistics |
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The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) |
a data set originating with state Child Protective Services (CPS) agencies that reports state-level data on the number of child abuse and neglect reports, the source of child abuse reports, investigation outcomes, types of maltreatment, description of the victims of maltreatment, and the relationship of perpetrators to victims |
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National incidence studies (NIS) |
a series of congressionally appropriated surveys of mandated professionals conducted by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. There have been four NIS studies, which occurred in 1981, 1988, 1996, and 2008 |
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National crime victimization survey (NCVS) |
a semiannual victim survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice. The NCVS has been conducted since 1973 and is the primary source of information in the United States on the characteristics of criminal victimization |
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National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) |
a victimization survey that measures adult respondents’ recollections about physical violence and sexual assault experienced by the respondent |
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Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) |
one of the most widely used scales in self-reported family violence research, originally designed to measure intimate partner violence |
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Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC) |
a scale developed to measure various tactics or behaviors that parents might use when having a conflict with a child; these scales are a variation of the original CTS |
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National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NATSCEV) |
an ongoing national survey conducted by David Finkelhor that measures youth violence using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). It has been conducted 3 times, in 2008, 2011, and 2014 |
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Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) |
a polyvictimization measure of a wide variety of childhood victimizations, including conventional crime, child maltreatment, peer and sibling victimization, sexual assault, and witnessing an indirect victimization |
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Retrospective Studies |
search for factors that explain an event that occurred in the past. This is in contrast to a prospective study, which follows subjects before any of them have developed the outcome of interest |
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Cross-Sectional studies |
are research designs that assess participants of various ages at one point in time |
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Correlational studies |
analyze the statistical association between two or more variables. It is very difficult to establish causality with correlational studies |
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Time Order |
a condition of cause in correlated variables. In order to conclude that X causes Y, we must establish that X occurred before Y |
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Nonspuriousness |
a condition of cause in correlated variables. A spurious relationship is one in which a third unknown and uncontrolled variable accounts for the correlation between the two variables in question |
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Experimental Design |
a methodological procedure in which a researcher randomly assigns participants to two or more groups and then introduces an independent variable into one or more of the groups. Because the groups are randomly assigned, any observed outcome differences can then be attributed to the independent variable, thus eliminating the time-order and spuriousness problem that plague nonexperimental designs. The randomized controlled trial is the most powerful methodological design for establishing causal relationships |
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Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) |
a methodological procedure in which a researcher randomly assigns participants to two or more groups and then introduces an independent variable into one or more of the groups. Because the groups are randomly assigned, any observed outcome differences can then be attributed to the independent variable, thus eliminating the time-order and spuriousness problem that plague nonexperimental designs. The randomized controlled trial is the most powerful methodological design for establishing causal relationships |
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Longitudinal Designs |
research designs that follow participants over time, collecting data across multiple assessment periods for the same cohort of people |
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Matched Control Groups |
a comparison group in which each subject is matched as closely as possible for variables that might reasonably be predictive of the dependent variable. For example, if we wanted to study the long-term effects of child abuse on child development we could select a sample of abused children and compare their development over time to a matched comparison group of nonabused children (e.g., socioeconomic status, family stability, sex, age, etc.). This matched comparison group would make causal assertions about the effects of child abuse more reasonable |
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Prospective Cohort |
longitudinal study in which researchers recruit subjects and collect baseline exposure data before any of the subjects have developed the outcome of interest. This is in contrast to a retrospective study, which examines factors that explain an event that has occurred in the past |
