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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Family development can be thought of as occurring in _______ and determined by _____ _______ ______ and ________ that lead to greater responsibilities. |
stages; key life decisions; events |
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Steps of family development: |
1) Leaving Home 2) Joining Families Through Marriage 3) Welcoming Children into the Family 4) Raising Adolescents 5) Launching 6) Later Family Life |
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Leaving Home: |
-single young adults take on financial and emotional responsibilities/care for themselves -this stage determines whether or not the person will marry and sets the stage for the timing for other stages of family development -key tasks: the development of intimate peer relations, differentiation of self from the family of origin, and establishment of an individual identity |
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Joining Families Through Marriage: |
-merging of two previously independent families |
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Welcoming Children into the Family: |
-Couple brings children into the new fam structure and in the process adusts to the marital dyad -shares financial, household, and child-rearing tasks -incorporates the extended family to accommodate new roles for grandparents |
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Raising Adolescents: |
-fam boundaries become more flexible to allow adolescents to move in an out of the family structure -couples may shift to caring for the older generations and focus on career and marital issues as they transition through midlife -about 50% of couples divorce, so great diversity exists in how families handle these stages and the family structures that result |
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Launching: |
-families adjust to the multiple exits of adult children and entries into the system of children's spouses -couples must renegotiate the marital dyad to accomodate the multiple system changes, while dealing effectively with the care of parents (death and disability) -parents must establish adult-to-adult relationships with their children and welcome children's partners, in-laws, and grandchildren |
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Later Family Life: |
-The couple needs to accept the shifting roles necessitated by generational changes -need to flexibly explore new family and social roles while adjusting to physical deterioration and supporting the growing role of their children in family leadership -older adults must also value the experiences and wisdom of their aged parents in a supportive manner without overfunctioning for them -adults may have to deal with the loss of a spouse, siblings, peers, and eventually their own lives |
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Parenting Influences |
Parents play important roles in the social development of children, which become reflected in parent personality |
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What are the two categories of parenting styles (that are on a continua)? |
1) permissive/controlling 2) Warm/hostile |
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What are the four parenting styles? |
1) Authoritarian (autocratic in the extreme manifestation) 2) Authoritative (sometimes called democratic or egalitarian) 3) Permissive (sometimes called laissez-faire) 4) Uninvolved (sometimes called unengaged) |
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-Parents are restrictive and lack outward expressions of warmth -Parents exert control over children, often through physical punishment, and require adherence to absolute standards of behavior and life choices -children end up being either submissive or rebellious and, typically have lower levels of achievement and responsibilty What parenting style is this? |
Authoritarian |
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-Parents display moderate control and explain the reasoning behind their decisions in order to help children understand the important factors that go into governing behavior and decision making -these children tend to have the best outcomes, becoming independent, assertive, and responsible |
Authoritative |
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-parents display little control and, at most, moderate warmth -usually, children reared by these parents are self-centered, aggressive, low-achieving, and lack social responsibility |
Permissive |
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-parents show little if any interest in their children and are indifferent or rejecting toward them -in the extreme, this type of parenting style constitutes neglect and should be reported to Child Protective Services -children reared by this parenting style fare the worst of all parental styles--with no support or guidance, children are left to essentially raise themselves |
Uninvolved |
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About ____% of first marriages end in divorce. |
50 |
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Most divorced adults remarry (___% to ____%), although about ____% of second marriages, ____% of third marriages, and virtually all subsequent marriages also end in divorce |
75 - 80; 60; 70 |
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What is the difference in how men and women view/deal with divorce? |
-women perceive divorce to be more stressful than men, but women do end up adjusting psychologically better to divorce. |
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Prior to 1970, most divorces were blamed on what? |
-abuse -alcoholism/drug abuse -nonsupport |
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In recent years, separation is more likely to be blamed on what? |
-incompatibility -poor communication -unfulfilled life goals |
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What percent of single-parent households are headed by females? |
85% |
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What problems are frequently cited as a primary stressor in single-parent families? |
Financial |
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______ _______ often have less time and patience for parenting and display less consistent, more punitive discipline styles. |
Single parents |
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Noncustodial fathers are frequently more overindulgent and permissive, but after maintaining normal visitation over the first few months after the divorce, frequently do what? |
-fail to make visitation arrangements and child support payments |
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Although children of divorce experience a complex array of difficulties, problems experienced by children of divorce are minimized if parents are ________, __________, ________, and _____ _______ with the children |
-cooperative -psychologically healthy -empathetic -openly communicative |
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Recent research has indicated that the negatie results of divorce are similar to those experienced by children in high-conflict families of parents who are not divorced, leading some to conclude what about the single-parent family structure? |
-the single-parent family structure is less responsible for negative outcomes than ongoing parental conflict |
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Women account for what percentage of the U.S. workforce? But are frequently confined to lower-status jobs because of what? |
-child-rearing responsibilities |
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Women still frequently receive lower pay for the same job as compared to men, although women who have _______ ______ usually receive pay equivalent to their male counterparts. |
forgone childbearing |
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Mothers who work tend to be more satisfied with their lives, less stressed, and less depressed than women who do not work, althought they worry more about time away from family and child rearing |
Mothers who work tend to be more satisfied with their lives, less stressed, and less depressed than women who do not work, althought they worry more about time away from family and child rearing |
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What are the differences in marital satisfaction between working and nonworking mothers? |
No differences (unless the spouse is opposed to maternal employment) |
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The effect on maternal employment on children indicates that...? |
quality day care ameliorates any negative outcomes and may even have advantages for children in terms of socialization and intellectual growth |
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Physical abuse occurs most frequently with who? |
very young children during early childhood |
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Why does physical abuse occur most frequently with very young chlildren? |
due to stressors experienced by parents and the child's inability to verbally express needs and self-defend |
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Parents who have been abused are more likely to abuse their children, often due to what? |
-the lack of an effective disciplinarian role model |
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Who are the most frequent victims of incest, with who being the most frequent perpetrators? |
Girls; fathers |
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Who are more often the victims of nonfamily sexual abuse? |
Boys |
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Victims of sexual abuse frequently report strange feelings of guilt over their roles in the abuse and rarely self-refer |
Victims of sexual abuse frequently report strange feelings of guilt over their roles in the abuse and rarely self-refer |
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What should counselors do if they suspect a vulnerable child is experencing abuse? |
they have a duty to protect vulnerable children and are required by law to report abuse orally and in writing |
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Can counselors be held liabe for making an unsubstantiated report? |
Nope---unless the report is made with malicious intent |
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What percentage of first marriages end in divorce? |
50% |
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During which stage of family development is it most important for boundaries to become more flexible? |
raising adolescents |
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Children of permissive parents often become all of the following: |
-aggressive, self-centered, irresponsible/lack social responsibility/low achieving |
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Parents who enforce a set standard of conduct and frequently use physical punishment to control their children are under what parenting style? |
authoritarian |
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Today, a couple's divorce is most commonly blamed on what? |
incompatibility, poor communication, and unfulfilled life goals |
