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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Purposes for Def'ns of marriage/family
- religious
- legal
-political (U.S. census)
- cultural (religion & law allow polygyny, but it's a social pariah)
- social scientific
Social Scientific Def'n of marriage/family
- goal is to gather features together in order to study it
- culturally universal
- distinguishes marriage from family
- can you have a family w/o marriage?
- should bee useful for research & theory
- related to 'real life' - fit the world as it is
Murdock's Def'n of marriage
- widely used cultural anthropological def'n - social science def'n
- marriage is a socially legitimate sexual union
- no sex, no marriage
- begun w/a public announcement
- undertaken w/some idea of permanence
- assumed w/a more or less explicit contract, spelling out reciprocal rights/obligations between spouses and parents with children
-doesn't require both sexes (berdache)
Murdock's Def'n of Family
Social group characterized by:
- common residence
-economic cooperation
- reproduction
includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially-approved sexual relationship
one or more children (own or adopted) of the sexually-cohabiting adults
Problems w/Murdock Def'n of Family
-Homosexual families cohabiting sexually w/children
-woman having children out of wedlock?
-requires amendments to keep it universal
Cherlin's Private Family
two or more ppl who maintain an intimate relationship they expect will last indefinitely or until the child grows up if one is a child
-they have residence, income, and labor in common
-doesn't have to include children
Cherlin's Public Family
adult and his/her dependents or two adults related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood (plus, if applicable, any dependents)
U.S. Census Def'n of family
"Two or more people, one of whom is the householder, related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing in the same housing unit
-however, a lot of older women outlive their spouses - are they still a family?
Scanzonis' Def'n of Family
prefer the term Sexually-based Primary Relationship (SBPR)
-example of PC run wild
-any erotic, close relationship that lasts a 'considerable period of time' and is strong/frequent and interdependent
Prevalence of Polygyny
most cultures have allowed it
most people have not engaged in it
Stem extended families
vertical - multiple generations
Joint Extended families
horizontal - same generation together - i.e. brothers with their wives
Large multiple extended family
stem and joint combined
common among the super-rich to keep everybody nearby and keep an eye on the $ - Rockefeller
Bilateral Lineage
trace lineage through both male and female line - what we do now
Cognatic-ambilineal lineage
couple gets to choose which line to affiliate with upon marriage
George Barna's Tradition/Nouveau Families
Traditional: ppl who are related to each other by birth, marriage, or adoption
Nouveau: two or more ppl who care about each other - fluid and impermanent rooted in shared experience or emotion
Social Class
power, status (honor, prestige), and/or money (wealth - not just income - all the assets that you have - this is a dramatic diff. for the elderly)
Two Approaches to Social Class
Relational: determined by objective stance within the economy - used by European social scientists
Gradational: social class is simply a position in vertical 'layers' called strata - used by U.S. social scientists
Three Dimensions of Social Class
Wealth
Status
Power (ability to get what you want over and above others)
per Weber
Measuring Family SES
-used to be measured based on husband's occupation
- now more confusing because of dual occupation and single parents families
-now they focus on occupation of 'primary breadwinner' not always the husband
Meaning of Social class
common perceptions regarding material interests
Common culture: worldview, style of living, values, ideals, etc.
Four Classes (GSS)
Upper
Middle
Working
Lower
Lower Class
Either chronic/permanent or temporary
important distinction among Hispanics - Cuban are well-of, Puerto Rican are chronically poor, Mexican are temporarily poor
Poverty and Race Differences
Blacks are most likely to be poor, followed closely by Hispanics - NH whites are much less likely to be poor
Poverty and Female-headed households
The two are strongly correlated - female-headed households are much more likely to be poor than 2-parent households or male-headed households
Poverty Threshold 2007
female-headed household with 2 kids: $16,705
4-person household: $21,000
fails to account for the great difference depending on where you live - GC vs. SF
Goldthorpe - Family & Social class
family is the 'basic unit of social class' which 'largely influences the life circumstances of its members'
Marxists - Family & Social Class
family is a system of class reproduction
Married vs. Single - Social Class
Married do better - access to income of two adults, and they tend to perform better because they have additional incentives/motivation to do well at work
Single-parent families & Social Class
-Rise in % poor families headed by single moms 1960-1996 = 1/4 to 1/2 = feminization of poverty
-PISID (1969-1978 longitudinal): most temporarily poor household are married - 61% of the chronic poor are headed by a single mom
-Cherlin: followed married households for 28 months, if the father left, there was a double or more increase in % who were poor and % who were using welfare
-most women remarry someone who earns less thantheir first husband
-step-fathers have no legal obligation to her children
Age at first child & Social Class
Mare & Tzeng - when parents have kids later in life kids do better in occupation, education, and income
-parents have more $ b/c they have time to build it up
-parents get better educ. mmore access to jobs
-parents have less kids - more time & $ for each
Economic shifts affect families from diff. social classes differently
-shift to more education needed for more jobs
-more 'part-time'/contract jobs w/no benefits
-less real income and steady employment for low-skilled and less educated - shift to info-tech jobs from less industrial
Blau & Duncan's "Status attainment model"
-education is the key vehicle through which fathers transferred status to sons
-findings consistently supported through now
-it's not b/c $ is given directly to children - they make sure they get a good educ.
-children from poor families have the same likelihood of doing well as rich kids if they get a comparable educ.
-so poor families can help their kids succeed by emphasizing educ. & reading
Melvin Kohn
Occupation and family style
-diff. in family values & style between working/middle class
-key is the occupational experience of the parent - not the $
-working class: conformity to expectations, punishment based on behavior, sex-divided parenting
-middle class: independence/self-expression, punishment based on motive/intent, sex-equal parenting
Explanation for Kohn's theory
-occupation autonomy: ppl want to prepare their children for the world they know
-working class parents teach their kids to obey unthinkingly b/c that's what they have to do
-selection effect: reverse the types of jobs and the parenting styles will reverse
-tendencies, not absolutes
-quality he discovered has become known as OSD - Occupational Self-Direction
-Authoritarian (low OSD) vs. Democratic (high OSD)
Social Class & Marital Practices
-Age-at-marriage lower in lower/working classes
-same for age-at-first-kid
-Homogamy (marrying someone similar to yourself) lowest in middle class
-family size smallest in middle class
-sex-role differentiation/patriarchy of 2-parent families less in middle class
-husband/father's role is less secure in lower/working families - if he loses his job, he loses his authority
Social Class & CHild Rearing
-middle classes more egalitarian/democratic
-working classes more authoritarian
-chronic poor families marked by inconsistent parenting - produces fatalism
-middle class emphasizes delayed gratification the most - working/lower class families the least
-working/lower class define success for modestly
-middle class teaches verbal conflict resolution
-middle class uses less physical punishment
Social Class & wider relationships
-Middle class more residentially mobile - less connected to family
-middle class emphasizes work as source of satisfaction more
-middle class work is more intellectual/relational - working/lower class is more manual
-middle class more focused on immediate family - extended kinship ties more important to working/lower
-middle class tend to have more varied but shallow network of friends - lower/working is more homogenous
Race
-physical & genetic
-main importance - how society handles race, not race itself
Race on 2000 Census
12% black
75% white
4% Asian
2% biracial claimed - most actual biracial ppl chose one or the other
Ethnicity
-nothing to do with bio
-perceived common heritage
-fluid & to some extent voluntary
-Complex
Hispanics by nation of origin - 1990
Mexican 61%
Puerto Rican 12%
Cuban 5%
Hispanics by nation of origin - 2000
Mexican 58.4%
Puerto Rican 10%
Cuban 3%
Hispanic Breakdown by self-ID race
White: 49%
Other: 42%
Biracial: 6%
Black: 2%
Native American: 1%
Races: family headed by married couple
-Asians highest
-A.Amer. lowest
Percent who never married 2002-2006
30.2% black
11.8% white
Race: fertility rate
-Hispanics overall highest, but have great variation - Mexicans and Hawaiians highest, Cubans low
-Japanese the absolute lowest
Race: out of wedlock birth rate
-A. Amer. the highest
-Puerto Rican & N.Amer. also have very high rates (more than half of all births)
-Chinese lowest, w/Japanese also quite low
-NES 2000 - 1/3 of never-married Hispanics had a child
Race: owners in free-market system
-Koreans highest, Vietnames and Asian Indian next
-Amer.Indians low though Eskimos remain fairly high
-P.Rican and Mexicans pretty low but Cubans high - tied for third with Chinese and Hawaiian
Reason behind low marriage and high single parent families for African American families
-Low employment & earnings of black males
-Welfare
-Southern Background
-effects of post-WWII South to North migration
-high murder/incarceration rates for black males - unequal sex ratio in black communities
-Direct effects of slavery/discrimination are low
Effects of Recent Black middle class
-Recent rise means more ties with lower & working class origins
-less additional assets - no inheritances
-more obligations to poor relatives
Mexican American Families
-Large families
-Extended families
-recent immigrants
-low average age of marriage
-many women work, but very traditional sex roles
Puerto Rican Families
-not really 'immigrants'
-heavy concentration in NYC, but moving to Florida
-most are mixed race
-20% of marriage are inter-racial
-high welfare use
-high poverty
-high single parent rate - similar to African American community and for the same reasons
-large families
-high premarital cohabitation rates - no stigma, it's normal to do so
Cuban American Families
-2 waves: 1959f (post-Castro) and 1980f (Mariel boatlift)
-overall- prosperous, conservative, self-sufficient
-prosperity has not cause assimilation - not becoming citizens, continuing to speak Spanish in their homes
Statistical Overview of Hispanic Families
-Mexican least educated, Cuban most
-overall, Hispanic community is young, but Cubans are oldest, Mexicans youngest
-Avg family income: Mexicans=P.R., Cuban much higher
-Cuban poverty rate very low, and most of those who are are from the Mariel boatlift
Asian American Families
-strong obligations to parents and extended family
-combined-higher incomes than NH whites: wealthiest ethnic group in American are Japanese Amer ($65,000 vs $55,000)
-small families
-low divorce and out of wedlock pregnancy
-interracial marriage very acceptable - Asian/white
-rapid growth in U.S. Asians