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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Purposes for Def'ns of marriage/family
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- religious
- legal -political (U.S. census) - cultural (religion & law allow polygyny, but it's a social pariah) - social scientific |
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Social Scientific Def'n of marriage/family
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- goal is to gather features together in order to study it
- culturally universal - distinguishes marriage from family - can you have a family w/o marriage? - should bee useful for research & theory - related to 'real life' - fit the world as it is |
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Murdock's Def'n of marriage
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- widely used cultural anthropological def'n - social science def'n
- marriage is a socially legitimate sexual union - no sex, no marriage - begun w/a public announcement - undertaken w/some idea of permanence - assumed w/a more or less explicit contract, spelling out reciprocal rights/obligations between spouses and parents with children -doesn't require both sexes (berdache) |
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Murdock's Def'n of Family
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Social group characterized by:
- common residence -economic cooperation - reproduction includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially-approved sexual relationship one or more children (own or adopted) of the sexually-cohabiting adults |
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Problems w/Murdock Def'n of Family
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-Homosexual families cohabiting sexually w/children
-woman having children out of wedlock? -requires amendments to keep it universal |
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Cherlin's Private Family
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two or more ppl who maintain an intimate relationship they expect will last indefinitely or until the child grows up if one is a child
-they have residence, income, and labor in common -doesn't have to include children |
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Cherlin's Public Family
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adult and his/her dependents or two adults related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood (plus, if applicable, any dependents)
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U.S. Census Def'n of family
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"Two or more people, one of whom is the householder, related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing in the same housing unit
-however, a lot of older women outlive their spouses - are they still a family? |
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Scanzonis' Def'n of Family
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prefer the term Sexually-based Primary Relationship (SBPR)
-example of PC run wild -any erotic, close relationship that lasts a 'considerable period of time' and is strong/frequent and interdependent |
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Prevalence of Polygyny
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most cultures have allowed it
most people have not engaged in it |
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Stem extended families
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vertical - multiple generations
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Joint Extended families
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horizontal - same generation together - i.e. brothers with their wives
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Large multiple extended family
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stem and joint combined
common among the super-rich to keep everybody nearby and keep an eye on the $ - Rockefeller |
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Bilateral Lineage
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trace lineage through both male and female line - what we do now
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Cognatic-ambilineal lineage
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couple gets to choose which line to affiliate with upon marriage
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George Barna's Tradition/Nouveau Families
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Traditional: ppl who are related to each other by birth, marriage, or adoption
Nouveau: two or more ppl who care about each other - fluid and impermanent rooted in shared experience or emotion |
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Social Class
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power, status (honor, prestige), and/or money (wealth - not just income - all the assets that you have - this is a dramatic diff. for the elderly)
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Two Approaches to Social Class
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Relational: determined by objective stance within the economy - used by European social scientists
Gradational: social class is simply a position in vertical 'layers' called strata - used by U.S. social scientists |
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Three Dimensions of Social Class
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Wealth
Status Power (ability to get what you want over and above others) per Weber |
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Measuring Family SES
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-used to be measured based on husband's occupation
- now more confusing because of dual occupation and single parents families -now they focus on occupation of 'primary breadwinner' not always the husband |
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Meaning of Social class
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common perceptions regarding material interests
Common culture: worldview, style of living, values, ideals, etc. |
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Four Classes (GSS)
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Upper
Middle Working Lower |
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Lower Class
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Either chronic/permanent or temporary
important distinction among Hispanics - Cuban are well-of, Puerto Rican are chronically poor, Mexican are temporarily poor |
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Poverty and Race Differences
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Blacks are most likely to be poor, followed closely by Hispanics - NH whites are much less likely to be poor
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Poverty and Female-headed households
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The two are strongly correlated - female-headed households are much more likely to be poor than 2-parent households or male-headed households
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Poverty Threshold 2007
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female-headed household with 2 kids: $16,705
4-person household: $21,000 fails to account for the great difference depending on where you live - GC vs. SF |
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Goldthorpe - Family & Social class
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family is the 'basic unit of social class' which 'largely influences the life circumstances of its members'
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Marxists - Family & Social Class
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family is a system of class reproduction
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Married vs. Single - Social Class
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Married do better - access to income of two adults, and they tend to perform better because they have additional incentives/motivation to do well at work
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Single-parent families & Social Class
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-Rise in % poor families headed by single moms 1960-1996 = 1/4 to 1/2 = feminization of poverty
-PISID (1969-1978 longitudinal): most temporarily poor household are married - 61% of the chronic poor are headed by a single mom -Cherlin: followed married households for 28 months, if the father left, there was a double or more increase in % who were poor and % who were using welfare -most women remarry someone who earns less thantheir first husband -step-fathers have no legal obligation to her children |
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Age at first child & Social Class
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Mare & Tzeng - when parents have kids later in life kids do better in occupation, education, and income
-parents have more $ b/c they have time to build it up -parents get better educ. mmore access to jobs -parents have less kids - more time & $ for each |
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Economic shifts affect families from diff. social classes differently
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-shift to more education needed for more jobs
-more 'part-time'/contract jobs w/no benefits -less real income and steady employment for low-skilled and less educated - shift to info-tech jobs from less industrial |
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Blau & Duncan's "Status attainment model"
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-education is the key vehicle through which fathers transferred status to sons
-findings consistently supported through now -it's not b/c $ is given directly to children - they make sure they get a good educ. -children from poor families have the same likelihood of doing well as rich kids if they get a comparable educ. -so poor families can help their kids succeed by emphasizing educ. & reading |
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Melvin Kohn
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Occupation and family style
-diff. in family values & style between working/middle class -key is the occupational experience of the parent - not the $ -working class: conformity to expectations, punishment based on behavior, sex-divided parenting -middle class: independence/self-expression, punishment based on motive/intent, sex-equal parenting |
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Explanation for Kohn's theory
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-occupation autonomy: ppl want to prepare their children for the world they know
-working class parents teach their kids to obey unthinkingly b/c that's what they have to do -selection effect: reverse the types of jobs and the parenting styles will reverse -tendencies, not absolutes -quality he discovered has become known as OSD - Occupational Self-Direction -Authoritarian (low OSD) vs. Democratic (high OSD) |
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Social Class & Marital Practices
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-Age-at-marriage lower in lower/working classes
-same for age-at-first-kid -Homogamy (marrying someone similar to yourself) lowest in middle class -family size smallest in middle class -sex-role differentiation/patriarchy of 2-parent families less in middle class -husband/father's role is less secure in lower/working families - if he loses his job, he loses his authority |
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Social Class & CHild Rearing
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-middle classes more egalitarian/democratic
-working classes more authoritarian -chronic poor families marked by inconsistent parenting - produces fatalism -middle class emphasizes delayed gratification the most - working/lower class families the least -working/lower class define success for modestly -middle class teaches verbal conflict resolution -middle class uses less physical punishment |
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Social Class & wider relationships
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-Middle class more residentially mobile - less connected to family
-middle class emphasizes work as source of satisfaction more -middle class work is more intellectual/relational - working/lower class is more manual -middle class more focused on immediate family - extended kinship ties more important to working/lower -middle class tend to have more varied but shallow network of friends - lower/working is more homogenous |
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Race
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-physical & genetic
-main importance - how society handles race, not race itself |
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Race on 2000 Census
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12% black
75% white 4% Asian 2% biracial claimed - most actual biracial ppl chose one or the other |
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Ethnicity
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-nothing to do with bio
-perceived common heritage -fluid & to some extent voluntary -Complex |
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Hispanics by nation of origin - 1990
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Mexican 61%
Puerto Rican 12% Cuban 5% |
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Hispanics by nation of origin - 2000
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Mexican 58.4%
Puerto Rican 10% Cuban 3% |
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Hispanic Breakdown by self-ID race
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White: 49%
Other: 42% Biracial: 6% Black: 2% Native American: 1% |
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Races: family headed by married couple
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-Asians highest
-A.Amer. lowest |
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Percent who never married 2002-2006
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30.2% black
11.8% white |
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Race: fertility rate
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-Hispanics overall highest, but have great variation - Mexicans and Hawaiians highest, Cubans low
-Japanese the absolute lowest |
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Race: out of wedlock birth rate
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-A. Amer. the highest
-Puerto Rican & N.Amer. also have very high rates (more than half of all births) -Chinese lowest, w/Japanese also quite low -NES 2000 - 1/3 of never-married Hispanics had a child |
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Race: owners in free-market system
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-Koreans highest, Vietnames and Asian Indian next
-Amer.Indians low though Eskimos remain fairly high -P.Rican and Mexicans pretty low but Cubans high - tied for third with Chinese and Hawaiian |
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Reason behind low marriage and high single parent families for African American families
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-Low employment & earnings of black males
-Welfare -Southern Background -effects of post-WWII South to North migration -high murder/incarceration rates for black males - unequal sex ratio in black communities -Direct effects of slavery/discrimination are low |
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Effects of Recent Black middle class
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-Recent rise means more ties with lower & working class origins
-less additional assets - no inheritances -more obligations to poor relatives |
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Mexican American Families
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-Large families
-Extended families -recent immigrants -low average age of marriage -many women work, but very traditional sex roles |
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Puerto Rican Families
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-not really 'immigrants'
-heavy concentration in NYC, but moving to Florida -most are mixed race -20% of marriage are inter-racial -high welfare use -high poverty -high single parent rate - similar to African American community and for the same reasons -large families -high premarital cohabitation rates - no stigma, it's normal to do so |
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Cuban American Families
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-2 waves: 1959f (post-Castro) and 1980f (Mariel boatlift)
-overall- prosperous, conservative, self-sufficient -prosperity has not cause assimilation - not becoming citizens, continuing to speak Spanish in their homes |
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Statistical Overview of Hispanic Families
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-Mexican least educated, Cuban most
-overall, Hispanic community is young, but Cubans are oldest, Mexicans youngest -Avg family income: Mexicans=P.R., Cuban much higher -Cuban poverty rate very low, and most of those who are are from the Mariel boatlift |
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Asian American Families
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-strong obligations to parents and extended family
-combined-higher incomes than NH whites: wealthiest ethnic group in American are Japanese Amer ($65,000 vs $55,000) -small families -low divorce and out of wedlock pregnancy -interracial marriage very acceptable - Asian/white -rapid growth in U.S. Asians |