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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What ages have the lowest death rate?
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5-14
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What are the leading cause of death in children older than one year?
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Injuries - MVA, drowning, burns, poisoning, firearms
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Family centered care
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Recognizes the family as the constant in a child's life
Systems must support, respect, encourage, and enhance the strength and competence of the family Needs of all family members must be addressed |
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Family centered care has 2 concepts:
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Concept of enabling - creating opportunities
Concept of empowerment - giving them sense of control, enhancing their strengths |
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Evidence Based Practice
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Implies questioning why something works
Is there another or better approach? Analyzing and translating research into the actual daily practice of nursing |
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Family systems theory is derived from...
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general systems theory
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The systems theory is derived from...
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physics and biology
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Systems theory encourages nurses to...
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see clients as participating members of a family
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Systems theories emphasizes...
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on the whole rather than on individuals
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In family systems theory the family is viewed as a sytstem that...
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continually interacts with its members and the environment
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What is viewed as the source of the problem in the family systems theory?
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Interactions, rather than individual members
(Problem does not rest solely with the parent or child but in the type of interactions between the parent and child) |
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In which theory is the family viewed as a whole that is different from the sum of the individual members?
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Family systems theory
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A closed family views change as...
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threatening
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Family stress theory explains...
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how families react to stressful events and sugests factors that promote adaptation to these events
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Structural-functional theory focuses on...
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the integration between family members and society
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In the structural-functional theory, family is described as...
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a social system with members who have specific roles and function
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From a structural-functional viewpoint, the family's major goal is...
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socialization of its members
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Traditional nuclear family
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Married couple and their biologic children (no stepchildren, half-siblings, etc.)
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Nuclear family
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-Two parents and their children
-Parent-child relationship may be biologic, step, adoptive, or foster |
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Blended family
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At least one stepparent, stepsibling, or half-sibling.
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Extended family
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At least one parent, one or more children, and one or more members other than a parent or sibling
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Binuclear family
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Parents continue the parenting role while terminating the spousal unit.
-Joint custody |
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Polygamous family
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Addition of spouses
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Communal family
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Communal groups share common ownership of property and goods
No consanguineous tie between units Mother-child tie is strong during infancy and early childhood, but many parents relinquish older children to the care of others |
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Parental roles are typically learned through...
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one's own mother & father
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Role learning occurs through...
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socialization on an ongoing process.
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Ascribed roles
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Those that are strictly defined by culture
Little deviation allowed in modifying them Apply to general traits such as sex, age, social class, ethnic origin |
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Achieved roles
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Acquired through effort
Include educational, occupational, religious, recreational roles |
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Adopted roles
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Sometimes transient, such as the role of patient or traveler
Become fixed into what are known as character roles Roles such as leader, follower, clown, show-off |
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Assumed roles
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Related to fantasy
Playing house |
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Authoritarian/dictorial parents
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try to control their children's behavior and attitudes through mandates
Value and reward obedience Forcefully punish any behavior contrary to parental standards |
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Permissive/laissez-faire parents
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Exert little or no control over their children's actions
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Authoritative parents
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combine practices from authoritarian and permissive
Emphasize reason for rules and negatively reinforce deviations |
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Chromosome disorders result from...
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Duplication of genetic material (polygenetic)
Loss of genetic material (monogenetic) |
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Structural abnormalities usually result from...
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An error in cell division in sperm or ovum (parents are normal)
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The suffix for chromosome disorders...
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somy
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Cri du chat syndrome
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Moon shaped face, wide-spaced eyes
Profound mental retardation Loss of the small arm of chromosome B5 |
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Fragile X syndrome
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the X chromosome displays breaks and gaps
X-linked dominant More common in males Mental retardation, elongated face, long elflike ears |
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Trisomy G21 (down syndrome)
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Most common aneuploidy
Usually sterile |
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Klinefelter syndrome
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Most common of all sex chromosome aneuplodies
Multiple X and one Y Gynecomastia, hypogonadism,, elongated lower limbs |
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Jacobs syndrome
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XYY
Increased tendency toward agression |
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Turner syndrome
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Growth slows
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Nondisjunction
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Failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate at meiosis
Causes one daughter cell to have two chromosomes and the other to have none |
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Mosaicism
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Presence of two or more chromosomally distinct cell lines in the same individual
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Translocation
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Alteration of a chromosome by transfer of a portion of it either to another chromosome or to another portion of the same chromosome
No ultimate loss or gain or genetic material - carriers |
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Autosomal recessive
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Nn - carriers
NN - normal nn - affected |
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X linked recessive
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Affected individuals are usually amles
All carrier females are normal All affected males have symptoms of the disorder Males are not carriers |
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Anueploidy
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Abnormal chromosome pattern in which the total number of chromosomes is not a multiple of the haploid number (23)
Most common - trisomies (down syndrome) |
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The multinational effort to map human genes is termed the...
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human genome project
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The observation that some genetic disorders are congenital whereas others are expressed later in life has led to the conclusion that many diseased are caused by a...
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genetic predisposition that can be activated by an environmental trigger
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A nonrandom pattern of malformations for which a caused has not been determined is called an...
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association
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A chromosome deletion occurs when...
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Chromosome breakage results in loss of the broken fragment
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Translocation occurs when...
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A chromosome fragement reunites with another, nonhomologous chromosome
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Fragile X syndrome is...
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an x linked dominant condition characterized by mental retardation and a typical facial appearance with an elongated face and long, elflike ears
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A sex chromosome abnormality characterized by multiple X and one Y chromosome, decreased masculinization, hypogonadism, and elongated lower extremities is...
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Klinefelter syndrome
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It is estimated that each person carries from __ to __ genes for a severe recessive disease
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3 to 8
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What is amniocentesis?
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The basis of diagnostic prenatal testing and is usually performed at 14-16 weeks of gestation under ultrasound guidance
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Neonate
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First 28 days
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Infant
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1 month-12 month
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Toddler
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When they can walk
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Become very concerned when perimeters in Denver II fall below...
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5%
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Find pulse where on children?
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Apical on all children under 1 year for 1 full minute
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Infants use which muscles to breath?
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Abdominal
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Ringworm
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tinea corpis
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Soft spots
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anterior antonelles
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If an infant's palate is not being well formed, they are at risk for...
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aspiration
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Begin to develop scoliosis after age...
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10
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Newborn reflexes
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Rooting: 3-4 months
Sucking: 10-12 months Palmar grasp: 3-4 months Plantar grasp: 8-10 months Tonic neck: 4-6 months Moro (startle): 3 months Babinksi: 2 years Stepping reflex: 2 months |
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Infant exam - what do you examine first and last?
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Start with heart and lung sounds, finish with ear and throat exam
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Adolescent exam - HEADS
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home life
education alcohol drugs sexual activity/suicide |
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When can you begin taking oral temp?
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5-6 years
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Pulse will be increased with:
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Crying, anxiety, fever, pain
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Pulse rates:
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Neonate: 70-190
1 year: 80-160 2 year: 80-130 4 year: 80-120 6 year: 75-115 10 year:70-110 14 year: 65-105 18 year: 55-95 |
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Heart sound areas:
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Aortic, pulmonic, erb's point, tricuspid, apical
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Respiratory rates:
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Pre-term: 40-60
Newborn: 30-40 Toddler: 25 School age: 20 Adolescent: 16 |
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Panic respiratory rates:
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<10, >60
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Blood pressure fit:
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2/3 width, 100% length
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If transmitted cuff pressure is less than manometer pressure:
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Falsely high BP
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If transmitted cuff pressure is more than manometer pressure:
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Falsely low BP
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Deviation of heigh on either extreme may be indicative of:
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endocrine problems
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Newborn may lose how much weight in first 3-4 days?
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10%
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Weight norms:
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Double birth weight by 5-6 months
Triple birth weight by 1 year |
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When can children begin eating solid foods?
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4-6 months
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Most common nutritional problems:
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Iron deficiency anemia
Obesity Anorexia |
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Head circumference is measured...
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By wrapping paper tape over eyebrows and around occipital prominence
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Head needs to be measured until...
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2 years
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When do the fontanelles close?
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Anterior: 12-18 months
Posterior: 2-5 months |
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No teeth eruption by 12 months could be due to...
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endocrine disorder
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Conjuncitivitis in the newborn could be due to..
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STD
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What is the most common reason children come to pediatrician or E.R?
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Otitis media
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Effusion means..
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fluid collection
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Ear infection can lead to...
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Rupture of ear drum
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Retractions can be...
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Subcostal
Intercostal Sub-sternal Supra-clavicular |
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Wheezes occur when...
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air flows rapidly through bronchi that are narrowed nearly to the point of closure
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Stridor
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Inspiratory wheeze
Inflammation of upper airway |
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When assessing bowel sounds, do what first?
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Inspection and auscultation
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Bowel sounds normally occur every...seconds
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10-30
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