Fallacies Of Presumption, Ambiguity, And Illicit Transference

Front 1

Equivocation

Back 1

occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, either explicitly or implicitly, in two different senses in the argument

- the word has two meanings, pick the word

Front 2

Amphiboly

Back 2

Deflect in the syntax or structure of the statement that appears in the argument, the whole statement

-woman without her man is miserable

Front 3

Begging the question

Back 3

petito principii

Front 4

petito principii

Back 4

committed whenever the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false key premise, by restating a possibly false premise as the conclusion, or by reasoning in a circle

-essentially the same but worded differently

Front 5

Complex question

Back 5

committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and single answer is then given to both of them

-the arguer already assumes the answer

Front 6

False Dichotomy

Back 6

disjunctive (either..or) premise presents two unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion

Front 7

Suppressed evidence

Back 7

an inductive argument that ignores evidence

Front 8

Collective predication

Back 8

-The class as a whole

-All fleas are numerous

Front 9

Distributive Predication

Back 9

-applied to each and every member of the class denoted by the subject

-All fleas are small

Front 10

Class statment

Back 10

entire statement in collective predication

Front 11

Universal/ general statment

Back 11

entire statement in Distributive predication

Front 12

Composition and division

Back 12

Collective predication

Front 13

Hasty generalization and accident

Back 13

distributive predication

Front 14

Composition

Back 14

parts to whole

Front 15

division

Back 15

whole to parts