Fall Biology Exam

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carrying capacity

Back 1

max population that can maintained (stable)

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population size change

Back 2

births/deaths must be unequal, immigrants/emmigrants must be unequal

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exponential growth

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rapid growth; j curve; strips resources; doesn't last long

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logistic growth

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s curve, growth of species to maximum number sustainable to their environment

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environmental resistance

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limits set by environment (living and nonliving) such as food, space, and predation

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density independent factors

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weather- droughts floods hurricanes, fires,

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density dependent factors

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predators, prey possibly

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competition

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scramble (free for all) and contest (social and chemical cues)

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demographics

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study of human populations and human population structure

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biotic potential

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maximum rate a population can increase when birth rate is at a max and death rate is minimal

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interspecific

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between different species

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intraspecific

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between animals of the same species

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niche

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every aspect of an animal's way of life; if two niches directly overlap one species will out-compete the other

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ecological community

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consists of all interacting populations of an ecosystem

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resource partitioning

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the focusing of niches on different parts of the resource spectrum when two or more species' niches overlap

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warning coloration

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attracts attention of potential predators and warns of poisonous effects or bad taste

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mullerian mimicry

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two or more species benefit from a shared warning coloration

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batesian mimicry

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some harmless organisms may gain an advantage by resembling a poisonous species

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startle coloration

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used to intimidate predators long enough for prey to flee/etc

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aggressive mimicry

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predators resembles a harmless animal or part of the environment

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symbiosis:

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commensalism- one benefits and one is unaffected, mutualism- both benefit, parasitism- one benefits one is harmed

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chemical warfare

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releasing toxic animals for attack and/or defense

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coevolution

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plants have evolved to have a variety of chemicals to deter predators; some animals evolve ways to detoxify these chemicals and make the plants edible

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succession

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changing structurally over time; primary succession- from scratch, secondary succession- after a disturbance but not from scratch

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keystone species

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plays major role in determining community structure

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evolutionary adaptations

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help both predators and prey

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littoral zone

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light penetrates the edge of the fresh water and plants grow there

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limnetic zone

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light penetrates the deeper fresh water, plankton live there

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profundal zone

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light does not penetrate this deep part of the fresh water

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biome

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large area of land with similar environmental conditions and plant community characteristics; defining factors: rainfall and temperature

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photic zone

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light penetrates this shallower fraction of the ocean

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aphotic zone

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light does not penetrate this deeper area of the ocean

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acid rain

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caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide evaporating with water into the water cycle

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climate change consequences

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more extreme weather, loss of species from forests; may be replaced by grasslands, coral reefs may decline, disease carrying organisms may expand,

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autotrophs

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producers; make their own food using nonliving nutrients and energy from the environment

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heterotrophs

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consumers; cannot synthesize their own food and thus obtain it from consumers

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net primary productivity

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energy that photosynthetic organisms store and make available to the community over time

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net primary productivity...

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determines how much life an ecosystem can support, can be measured as the amount of energy (calories) or biomass stored or added to the ecosystem per unit area over time

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productivity of an ecosystem influenced by...

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1. availability of nutrients and sunlight to producers 2. availability of water 3. temperature

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trophic levels

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energy flows through them, first one is of producers, several of consumers

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food chain

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a linear feeding relationship with just one representative per trophic level

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food web

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shows actual feeding relationships of a community, including its many interconnecting food chains

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detritus users

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live on dead organic matters; release nutrients for reuse

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decomposers

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digest food outside their bodies by secreting digestive enzymes

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energy transfer; energy pyramid

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energy transfer is inefficient; between trophic levels is 10% efficient; energy pyramid represents this

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carbon cycle

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enters communities through capture of CO2 during photosynthesis; atmosphere and water; found in burning fossil fuels

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nitrogen cycle

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N2 is converted to ammonia by specific bacteria, live in water and soil legumes, important for DNA and RNA

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phosphorous cycle

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most of P is bound to oxygen in rocks, crucial component of ATP, nucleic acids, and phospholipids of cell membranes

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biodiversity

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variety of living organisms on the planet, including their genes, ecosystems, and community interactions

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conservation biology

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goal to preserve biodiversity by supporting genetic diversity and community interactions that sustain ecosystems, and preventing extinction caused by human activity

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direct benefits from ecosystem services

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hunting and fishing for food, harvesting wood for heat and cooking, extracting medicines

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indirect benefits from ecosystem services

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soil formation, erosion and soil control, climate regulation, genetic resources, recreation

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two threats to biodiversity

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human activities that destroy habitats, human using more resources

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habitat fragmentation

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the splitting of natural ecosystems

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minimum viable population

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smallest natural population that can persist in spite of natural events

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invasive species harm by

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competing for food and/or habitat, direct predation

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innate behavior

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can be performed without prior experience, are performed in reasonably complete form the first time, can occur immediately after birth

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learned behavior

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behaviors modified by experience-learning

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habituation

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decline in response to repeated stimulus, prevents wasting energy and attention to irrelevant stimuli

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trial-and-error learning

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new and appropriate responses to stimuli are acquired through experience, based on rewards/punishments, often found in play or exploratory behavior

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operant conditioning

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allows animals to learn behaviors to receive a reward or avoid punishment

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insight learning

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problem solving without trial and error, most complicated

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imprinting

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happens during sensitive or critical period,

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visual communication

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most effective over short distances, instantaneous, active visual signals: specific movements or postures convey message, passive visual signals: size shape color of an animal conveys information

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sound communications

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effective over longer distances the visual signals, almost instantaneous, good in the dark, in dense forests, or in murky water

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chemical communications

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pheromones

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dominance hierarchy

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when each animal establishes a rank that determines access to resources, initial aggression determines status

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territoriality

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defense of territories that contain limited resources such as mates, food, and shelter; initial aggression defines territories

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mate selection based on territoriality

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females may choose males whose territories contain resources, increasing survival chances of her offspring

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mate selection

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must identify themselves as the same species, the opposite sex, and sexually receptive; acoustic mating signals, visual displays

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sociality

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interaction with other members of the same species

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disadvantages of group living

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increased competition with other group members, increased risk of infection, increased risk of offspring being killed by other members of group, increased risk of being spotted by predators

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advantages of group living

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increased ability to detect, repel, and confuse predators, increased hunting and food-finding efficiency, potential division of labor, increased likelihood of finding a mate

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characteristics of complex societies

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1. altruism- individuals may sacrifice their own interests for the good of the colony (more likely if case of kin selection)

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human behavior

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innate newborn behavior, language acquisition, shared cultural behaviors (gestures), twin studies

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systematics

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the branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogeny (evolutionary history)

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eight major categories of classification

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domain, kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, species

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scientific name

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Genus species

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evolution of systems

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before 1969: 2 kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae
1969: 5 kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotes), Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista (all else)
1990: 3 domain: Monera includes Bacteria and Archaea -based off of RNA

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3 domains

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Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Archaea (prokaryotic)
Eurkarya (eukaryotic)

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plant evolutionary milestones

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vascular tissue and lignin, pollen and seeds, flowers and fruits

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terrestrial adaptations

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roots or rootlike structures (anchor plant, absorb water and nutrients from soil), waxy cuticle covers leaves and stems (reduces evaporative water loss), stomata (allow gas exchange when open, reduce evaporative water loss when closed), conducting vessels (transport water and nutrients), lignin (stiffening agent found in cell walls; supports body)

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reproduction without water

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pollen, seeds, flowers, fruits

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major groups of plants

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Bryophytes- lack well developed structures for conducting water and nutrients, Vascular plants- have a complex vascular system

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seed plants

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produce pollen and seeds, pollen grain contain sperm-producing cells

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seeds consist of

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embryonic plant, seed coat (protects embryo), food supply (nourishment)

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gymnosperms

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non-flowering seed plants, first fully terrestrial plants to evolve

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angiosperms

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seed plants that produce flowers and fruits, most diverse and widespread of all plants

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major plant adaptations

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flowers- reproductive structures, fruits- mature ovaries that contain developing seeds, broad leaves- collect more sunlight

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chemical defenses

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many defensive compounds have been exploited for medicinal and culinary users (medicines, stimulants, spicy flavors)