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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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These airspace's require communication to enter and leaving
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A, B, C, D,
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Class B airspace is depicted by what on the sectional
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Solid blue lines
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Class C airspace is depicted by what on the sectional
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Solid Magenta Lines
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You must contact ground/clearance delivery before taxiing to obtain an altitude and heading in what airspace?
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C - usually only has one shelf
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Depicted on charts with a blue dashed line..What airspace
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D
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This airspace surrounds airports with towers but only while the tower is in use?
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D - you must always contact the tower whenever leaving and or arriving at a secondary airport whenever it is most appropriate
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Lowest level of airspace that requires communication
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D
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This airspace begins @ 1200AGL ends at 17,999 MSL and starts back up at 60K MSL....
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E
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This airspace starts @ the surface and extends up to the base of E...Only uncontrolled airspace
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G
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Class E starts at the surface depicted how?
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Magenta dashed lines
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Class E beginning @ 700AGL
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fuzzy side of a magenta line
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Class E beginning @ 1200 AGL
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Fuzzy side blue line
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Special use airspace is depicted on charts how?
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Blue or purple hashmarks
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Blue hashmarks and a P following it means what?
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Prohibited Airspace
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Blue hashmarks and a R following it means what?
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Restricted Airspace
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MOA'S are depicted how?
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Magenta Hashmarks with the name of the MOA following it
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How are alert area's depicted
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Magenta Hash marks with an A and then a # following it.
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Military training routes that are flown at or below 1500AGL are shown as either IR/VR followed by a what digit #
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Four digit #
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Military training routs that are flown at or above 1500AGL are shown as either IR/VR followed by a what digit #
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Three digit #
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VFR flyways do or not require ATC clearance and do they or do not go down to the surface
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Do not require clearance and they do go down to the surface
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VFR corridor's are tunnels through B airspace.
Do they have defined vertical and lateral boundaries? Does it require ATC clearance |
It does have defined boundaries
It does not require ATC clearance |
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VFR Transition Routes: Do they require ATC clearance?
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They are at a specific route and specific altitude so yes it does require ATC clearance
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You can not fly faster than this speed when below 10K MSL
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250 KIAS
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You can not fly faster than 200 KIAS when where
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Underneath Class B airspace
In a VFR Cooridor in Class B Within 4 NM's of a C or D primary airport up to 2500AGL |
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Are there any speed limits in E or G airspace.. If so what are they?
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There are none.
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What are your weather minimums when operating below the ceiling in a controlled airspace
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3 miles vis and 1K ceiling
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When you are operating in G airspace at night what are your minimums if you are within 1/2 mile of the runway and are at or below 1200 AGL
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Clear of clouds and 1SM
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When in B ATC is controlling everyone. What are your requirements to comply with?
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Clear of clouds
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Normal VFR minimums when operating within D are what?
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1K AGL and 3 miles vis
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Airplane, Helicopter, Gyro, Glider are all examples of what?
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Categories of aircraft
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Single engine land, multi engine land, single engine water are all examples of what?
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Classes of aircrafts
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How do you figure out an aircrafts ground speed?
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Aircrafts true airspeed and the winds aloft
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Vso
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Stall speed with flaps fully extended. Beginning of white arc on speed dial
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Vne
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Never exceed speed. Red radial line
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TAS
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True airspeed
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Vno
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Maximum safe structural speed you can fly in rough air. Denoted by the high end of the green arc
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Va
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Highest speed you can fly where you can make abrupt changes in control movements
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Vle
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Maximum speed where you are able to fly with landing gear extended
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Rigidity in space is a factor of what insturment
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A gyroscope - a spinning disc that resists change to its plane of rotation
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The ____ _______ operates on the principle called precisions
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Turn coordinator
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These two instruments operate on a combination of 2 vacuum pumps and on the principle of Rigidity in space
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The altitude and heading indicatior
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How do you correct to be on magnetic course after being on True course
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Add Westerly variation and or subtract easterly variation...
West is best East is least |
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Heading indicators are subject to what?
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Precision
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Because of the surfaces in the plane being magnetic they can throw off the magnetic heading. This is called what?
Variation or Deviation |
Deviation
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When on a easterly/westerly heading and you accelerated the compass did what?
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It temporarily indicated a turn toward the north
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When you are on an easterly/westerly heading and the compass temporarily indicated a turn towards the south. Did you just accelerate or decelerate?
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You slowed down
Remember Accelerate NORTH ... AN Decelerate South... DS..... ANDS |
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When you are on a heading near north what happens when you adjust your heading with your compass?
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It temp. states you are making a turn in the opposite direction
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When you are on a southernly heading and you make a turn what happens with your compass?
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It temp. overshoots your actual heading and then corrects itself
Remember: CONSUN ... Compass overshoots North and Undershoots South when on N/S headings and make turns in direct relationship to them. |
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How many satellites do you need to determine your heading
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4
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METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report)
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Observed within 45 of the last hour and the new hour
transmitted between 50 of the last hour and the new hour |
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SPECI
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Selected Special Weather Report
Published when significant change occurs |
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METAR KDMW 090153Z 230003KT 1/2SM R31C/4000V45000FT SN FZFG VV0002 MO4/M05 A3004 RMK SLP191 SNINCR P0000 T10391050
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See Page 12 to determine if you're correct
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Weather phenomena
- " " + ++ X XX VC |
Light intensity
Moderate Heavy Very Heavy Intense Extreme Vincity meaning with 5 to 10 miles |
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DZ
RA SN IC PL GR GS UP |
Drizzle
Rain Snow Ice Crystals Ice Pellets Hail Small Hail or snow pellets Unknown Precipitation |
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BR = Mist = visibility is restricted to between what __ to ___ miles
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5/8 to 6 miles
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FG = Fog = visibility is restricted to less than ___ of a mile
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5/8
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Weather is VFR if?
Weather is IFR if? |
3 miles vis and ceiling is 1k AGL or greater
IFR if minimums are less than above |
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SPECI KMSN 012312Z 130211G26KT 1SM -FZRAPL BR OVC011 00/M02 A2988 RMK A02 PK WND 14031/2255 SFC VIS 1 1/2 P0005 $
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See Page 14 for correct answer
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TAFS - Terminal Area Forecasts are forecasts of weather within a what statute miles of the airports location
Issued how many times a day |
5SM
0Z 6Z 12Z 18Z |
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TAF KIPR 111140Z 1112/1212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT
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See page 15 for correct answer
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FR112233
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FROM the 11th day of the month to the 22nd hour to the 33rd minute ... this will be on a TAF indicating when a change of weather is expected to start
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BCMG112233/113344
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Becoming 11th day of the month to the 22nd hour to the 33 minutes and ends following the same sequence. This will be on a TAC indicating when changes are supposed to start and end within 2 hours
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TEMPO
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Changes in weather posted on TAF when changes are only going to last an hour or less
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Area forcastes are divided up into how many sectors and published how many times a day
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6 sectors for the US and published 3 times a day
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Wind Aloft Forecast 22K MSL TYQ 2315-22
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@ 22K MSL Above TYQ winds are from 230 @ 15 knots with a temp of -22 Celsius
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If winds are in excess of 100 Knts are encoded with wind direction between 51 and 86.. Implying you have to do what to find the wind direction
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Subtract 50 from the wind direction and add 100 to the wind velocity
34K MSL STL 730649 ... 73 - 50 = 230 degrees ... 06 +100 = 106 knts with a temp of -49 celsius |
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When winds aloft are less than 5 knts how are they incoded on a WAF
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9900 with the wind and temp
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SIGMETS
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Weather reported that is potentially dangerous to all aircraft
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Are AIRMETS more or less dangerous weather reports than SIGMETS
What are the categories for AIRMETS |
They are less dangerous weather reports, but are still dangerous to light aircraft
Sierra for IFR and mountain conditions Tango for turbulence Zulu for icing |
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Surface analysis chart
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Computer generated chart displaying observed weather. Transmitted every 3 hours
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True or False ... Radar summary charts are for use in preflight planning only
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True
Shows the location, movement, and intensity of precipitation but not clouds |
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Convective outlook charts forecast the potential for waht
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Severe weather. 3/4" inch hail, 50+ knt wind gusts, tornadoes. Divided into 1 & 2 day outlooks. Valid for 3 days out of its issuance
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The AFD is published every, how many, days?
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56 days
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FCD Notams are what and what are they describing on their published NOTAM
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They are published notams that are describing changes made to sectional/terminal charts and changes to instrument approaches and flight restrictions
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For the E6-B flight computer what goes on the outside?
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Miles
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On the E6-B flight computer what goes on in the inside
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minutes
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Isogenic Lines are what?
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Lines of variation between true and magnetic north
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How do you convert to a magnetic course from a true course?
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West is best, East is least
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How are NDB's identified on charts
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Magenta circle with a pattern of dots filing it in around it
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The clockwise angle between your nose and the radio station being used for navigation is known as your what?
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Relative Bearing
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What is another term for the number of degrees you would have to turn to the right to get on track to fly to a station?
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Relative Bearing
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What is the formula to determine your magnetic bearing to the station
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The sum of your relative bearing and your current magnetic heading
If the answer is greater than 360 then subtract 360 |
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Formula to determine Relative Bearing .. what do you do if it is a negative #
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Magnetic Bearing TO - Magnetic Heading
Add 360 to it |
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Formula to determine what heading you should fly to intercept a magentic bearing
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MH = Magentic Bearing TO - Relative bearing
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How many types of VOR's are there and what are there names?
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Three VOR's
VOR VORTAC & VOR-DME |
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How are the VOR's depcicted on the sectional
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Hexagon - Basic VOR
Hexagon with tick marks - VOTAC Hexagon with a square around the outside - VORDME |
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In the voice communications box of a VOR what does it mean to have the freq. underlined?
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Station cannot broadcast on that freq. and that you will have to listen in on the VOR freq.
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Victor routes are airways below what altitude
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18K
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Jet Routes are below what altitude but do not go any lower than another altitude
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60K - 18K
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Define Load Factor
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The total amount of weight the wings have to support divided by the gross weight of the airplane
ex) A ____ factor of 3 means that the total load of an airplanes structure is three times its total weight |
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What are the two forms of drag and what is the relationship between them and the plan's speed
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Induced drag - Results from the production of life
As speed increases drag decreases Parasite drag - Results from the plane moving through the air As speed increases drag increases |
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How do you find total drag
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Add induced and parasite drag together
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If you have to lean of fuel/air mixture what may happen?
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A high engine temperature may occur
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Detonation may occur with your fuel if you have this setting set in?
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Operating at high power settings with an excessively lean mixutre
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This occurs when fuel/air mixture ignites to soon because of hot spots. Is it detonation or pre-ignition
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Pre-Ignition
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How many quarts of oil for the 172 on short and long flights are recommended to have in the engine
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5 short...8 long
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These clouds are formed in in unstable air and look fluffy and bumpy
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Cumulus Clouds
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These clouds are formed in stable air and look straitified and layered
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Stratus clouds
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The prefix nimbo/nimbus means what
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Rain Cloud
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High Clouds are called what?
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Cirriform Clouds
Include Cirrus - Cirrocumulus - Cirrostratus |
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Middle Clouds are called what?
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Alto
Altostratus - Altocumulus |
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Low clouds are called what?
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Status
Stratocumlus & Fair weather cumulus |
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Cumulonimbus are what?
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Thunderstorms if they contain rain
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How do you calculate the base of the clouds
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Subtract the dew point from the temperature and divide the answer by 2.5
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What is the lapse rate and what does it determine and what is the standard lapse rate?
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Refers to the decrease in temperature with any gain in altitude and the stability of the air
2 degrees celsius per 1K feet |
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Convective turbulence is AKA
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Hot Air Turbulence
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Clear air turbulence is defined as
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Air above 15K in clear air
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Calculation to determine pressure altitude
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(29.92-current altimeter) *1000 + Field elevation
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Determine ISA TEMP
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For a given altitude, say 10K
Double the altitude, get 20, subtract 15, get 5 Place a - sign in front of it |
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Determine Density Altitude
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Pressure Altitude + (120 * (OAT-ISA TEMP))
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Density altitude increase and performance decreases with the 3 H's... what are the 3 H's
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High Hot Humid
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Best rate of climb - Provides the greatest rate of climb over a given time
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VY
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Best angle of climb - Provides the greatest gain of altitude over a given horizontal distance
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VX
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What are the three calculations to determine the Moment, the Arm, and the Center of Gravity
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Moment = Weight / Arm
Arm = Moment / Weight Center of Gravity = Total Moment / Total Weight |
