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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lifespan Development
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the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
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Physical Development
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development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles and senses, and the need for food
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Cognitive Development
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development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
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Personality Development
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development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span
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Social Development
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the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
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Cohort
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a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
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Explain Brofenbrenner's Approach to Development
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Microsystem-immediate environment
Mesosystem-connections between Exosystem-social institutions Macrosystem-larger cultural influences, society, government |
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Continuous Change
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Change is gradual
Achievements at one level build on previous level Underlying developmental processes remain the same over the lifespan |
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Discontinuous Change
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Change occurs in distinct steps or stages
Behavior and processes are qualitatively different at different stages |
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Critical Periods
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Certain environmental stimuli are necessary for normal development
Emphasized by early developmentalists |
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Sensitive Periods
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People are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible
Current emphasis in lifespan development |
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Lifespan Approach
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Current theories emphasize growth and change throughout life, relatedness of different periods
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Focus on particular Periods
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Infancy and adolescence emphasized by early developmentalists as most important periods
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Nature (Biology)
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Emphasis is on discovering inherited genetic traits and abilities
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Nurture (Environment)
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Emphasis is on environmental influences that affect a person's development
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Id
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Id is raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth. It represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, in which the goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension.
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Ego
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Ego is part of personality that is rational and reasonable. The ego acts as a buffer between the real world outside of us and the primitive id. The ego operates on the reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society.
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Superego
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Superego is a person's conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong it begins to develop around age 5 or 6 and is learned from an individual's parents, teachers, and other significant figures.
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Oral Psychosexual Development (Stages)
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Birth to 12-18 months.
Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting. |
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Anal Psychosexual Development (Stages)
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12-18 months to 3 years
Gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society's controls relating to toilet training. |
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Phallic Psychosexual Development (Stages)
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3 to 5-6 years
Interest in genitals; coming to terms with Oedipal conflict, leading to identification with same-sex parent. |
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Latency Psychosexual Development (Stages)
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5-6 years to adolescence
Sexual concerns largely unimportant. |
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Genital Psychosexual Development (Stages)
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Adolescence to adulthood
Reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships. |
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Trust vs. Mistrust Psychosocial Theory
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Birth to 12-18 motns
Positive: Feelings of trust from environmental support Negative: Fear and concern regarding others |
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Psychosocial Theory
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12-18 months to 3 years
Positive: Self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged Negative: Doubts about self, lack of independence |
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Initiative vs. Guilt Psychosocial Theory
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3 to 5-6 years
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions Negative: Guilt from actions and thoughts |
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Industry vs. Inferiority Psychosocial Theory
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5-6 years to adolescence
Positive: Development of sense of competence Negative: Feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery |
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Identity vs. Role Diffusion Psychosocial Theory
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Adolescence
Positive: Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed Negative: Inability to identify appropriate roles in life |
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Intimacy vs. Isolation Psychosocial Theory
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Early Adulthood
Positive: Development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships Negative: Fear of relationships with others |
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Generativity vs. Stagnation Psychosocial Theory
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Middle Adulthood
Positive: Sense of contribution to continuity of life Negative: Trivialization of one's activities |
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Ego-integrity vs. Despair Psychosocial Theory
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Late Adulthood
Positive: Sense of unity in life's accomplishments Negative: Regret over lost opportunities of life |
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Psychoanalytic theory
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The theory proposed by Freud that suggest that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
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Psychosexual development
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according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part
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Psychosocial development
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the approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society
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Behavioral development
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the approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
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Classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
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Operant conditioning
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a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
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Behavior modification
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a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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Social cognitive learning Theory
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learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
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Cognitive perspective
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The processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world. It emphasizes how people internally contemplate the world.
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Piaget's approach to cognitive development
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all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development. He suggested that not only does the quantity of information increase in each stage, but the quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well. his focus was on the change in cognition that occurs as children move from one stage to the next.
Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operations stage |
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Information processing approaches
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models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
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Humanistic Perspective on Development
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Behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to reach our full potential
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Psychodynamic Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control
Proponents: Sigmund Freud & Erik Erikson Example? |
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Behavioral Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli
Proponents: John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner & Albert Bandura Example? |
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Cognitive Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior.
Proponent: Jean Piaget Example? |
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Humanistic Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to reach our full potential.
Proponents: Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow Example? |
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Contextual Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Development should be viewed in terms of the interrelationship of a person's physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
Perspectives: Urie Bronfenbrenner & Lev Vygotsky Example? |
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Evolutionary Perspective on Behavioral Development
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Behavior is the result of genetic inheritance from our ancestors; traits and behavior that are adaptive for promoting the survival of our species have been inherited through natural selection.
Proponents: Influence by early works of Charles Darwin & Konrad Lorenz Example? |
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Microsystem Bronfenbrenner's approach
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everyday immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives. homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers
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Mesosystem Bronfenbrenner's approach
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connections between the various aspects of the microsystem. like links in a chain, the mesosystem binds children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, friends to friends
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Exosystem Bronfenbrenner's approach
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broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media
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Macrosystem Bronfenbrenner's approach
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larger cultural influences on an individual. Society in general, types of governments, religious and political value systems, and other broad encompassing factors are parts of the macrosystem.
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Chronosystem Bronfenbrenner's approach
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underlies each of the previous systems. It involves the passage of time.
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Correlational research methods
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research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
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Experimental research methods
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research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors.
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Naturalistic observation research methods
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a type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
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case studies research methods
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studies that involve extensive in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
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psychophysiological research methods
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research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - electrical activity within the brain Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) - constructed image of the brain from x rays Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - three dimensional computer generated image of brain activity |
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independent variable research methods
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variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment
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dependent variable research methods
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the variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimentation manipulation
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Longitudinal research methods
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research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age
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Cross-sectional research methods
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research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
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Sequential research methods
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research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time
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What is the definition of childhood? How has it changed over the years?
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Sigmund Freud vs. Erik Erikson on psychodynamics??
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Which is the most likely in behavioral perspective? Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Social learning theory
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Explain Jean Piaget's theory on Cognitive perspective?? Thoughts?
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Carl Rogers vs. Abraham Maslow on Humanistic Perspective??
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Discuss Darwin and Konrad Lorenz influence on Evolutionary Perspectives?? Geese?
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Which research method is best/ you would choose? Why?
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Nature vs. Nurture?? Which is more dominant?
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zygote
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the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
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genes
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the basic units of genetic information
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules
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the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
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chromosomes
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rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
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monozygotic twins
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twins who are genetically identical
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dizygotic twins
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twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
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Multiple births have increased significantly in the last 25 years… why?
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Multiple births should be a less than 3% chance.
Chances raise to 1 in 10 with those who take fertility drugs to improve the probability of conception. Older women are also more likely to give multiple births. (And since the age for pregnant women has increased, this plays into another factor of why it's increased.) |
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Human Genome Project: cracking the genetic code
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In early 2001 molecular geneticists succeeded in mapping the specific sequence of genes on each chromosome. This was BIG.
The number of human genes, long thought to be 100,000, has been revised downward to 25,000 - not many more than for organisms that are far less complex than the human. Furthermore, scientists have discovered that ALL humans share 99.9% of the gene sequence. What this means is that we humans are far more similar to one another than we are different. it also indicates that many of the differences that seemingly separate people - such as race - are, literally, only skin-deep. The mapping of the human genome will also help identify particular disorders to which a given individual is susceptible. |
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Genotype
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the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
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Phenotype
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an observable trait; the trait that is actually seen
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Behavioral Genetics
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Behavioral genetics studies the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics. Behavioral genetics takes a broader approach, considering how our personality and behavioral habits (psychological disorders even) are affected by genetic factors.
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Down Syndrome
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a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. Once referred to as mongolism, down syndrome is the most frequent cause of mental retardation.
1 in 500 |
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Sickle-Cell Anemia
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Sickle-Cell Anemia is a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it. Symptoms include poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, and yellowish eyes.
1 in 10 Afro-Americans |
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Tay-Sachs disease
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Tay-Sachs disease usually causes death before its victims reach school age. There is no treatment for the disorder, which produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death.
European Jews and French Canadians |
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Haemophilia
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inability to form blood clots
England Royal family plagued |
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Genetic Counseling
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The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
Ultrasound Sonography - low risk throughout pregnancy Chorionic Villus Samling (CVS) - high risk 8-12th week small sample of hairlike substance from around the embryo Amniocentesis - 12-16 weeks |
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Infertility
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Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization (IVF) - surrogate mother Fertility drugs - these lead to multiple births |
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Know Intelligence Continuum
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Cultural genetic diversity between Asians and Westerners??
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Americans were found to be rather vocal, active and irritable.
Chinese were found to be quieter and calmer. |
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How do genotypes effect that persons environment?
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someone who is active, may lean towards sports activities - affecting their environment
passive - artsy things or reading |
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Describe the stages of the 3 prenatal periods.
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Germinal (Zygote) = fertilization to 2 weeks
Methodical cell divisions and attachment of organism to wall of uterus. Incredibly fast growth of cells Embryonic = 2 to 8 weeks Forms: Ectoderm: skin, hair, teeth, sensory organs, brain, spinal cord; Endoderm: Digestive system, liver, pancreas, respiratory system; Mesoderm: muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system 1 inch long Fetal = 8 weeks to birth Growth is Rapid, 20x increase. |
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Explain how labor starts and works. Contractions? Stages of Labor?
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266 days with CRH Corticotropin - releasing hormone triggers release of oxytocin by pituitary gland. When oxytocin levels are high enough then mother's uterus begins periodic contractions.
Braxton-Hicks contractions may occur around 4 months... these are "false contractions". First: Longest stage contractions 8-10 minutes apart last 30 seconds. 2 minutes to 2 minutes. Cervix becomes wider (dilation and effacement) "transition stage". Labor may last 16-24 hours but wide variation... Later births usually less time. Second: baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal.... Usually 90 minutes the second stage ends when the baby is out. Third: umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from the mother. Quickest and easiest, a few minutes in the midst of ecstasy. |
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What is an APGAR score?
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APGARs are used to rate the health of a baby.
0-4 = life-saving interventions <7 = respiratory breathing >7 = healthy Checks color, pulse, grimace (crying is good), activity, and breathing. |
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First encounters with newborns looks like?
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Babies are:
Greasy (Vernix) Dark Fuzz (Lanugo) Puffy Eyelids Bonding with mothers = Attachment; the close physical and emotional contact between parent & child during the time immediately following birth |
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Birth Complications for Preterm Infants and Very-Low-Birthweight Infants
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Preterm Infants = prior to 38 weeks
Low-Birth Weight < 5.5 lbs Small-For-Gestational-Age = 90% or less than normal weight Although only 7% fall into category, they account for the majority of newborn deaths Very-Low-Birthweight Infants = <2.25 lbs Age of Viability pushed = the point at which an infant can survive prematurely Smallest person to still live, Tamara Nussbaum = 365 grams |
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Postmature Babies risk?
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Too late & too large
Considered post mature after 2 weeks (after due date) placenta can be insufficient blood supply to brain decreased with size increase, it becomes more difficult to deliver |
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Casarean Delivery
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32% of US babies born by C-Section
Done when there is a breech or transverse baby position C-Section death rates are much higher than live births |
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Stillbirth statistics
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1% of births are still = not alive
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Emotional Factors for Mothers after Birth
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Postpartum Depression = occurs 10%
Postpartum Psychosis = 2% Maternity Leave |
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The competence of newborns...
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Built in reflexes after birth:
Sucking Rooting = turning towards possible food sources Because the liver does not always work effectively at first, almost half of all newborns develop neonatal jaundice, a generally coloring of yellow. First stool comes in the for of meconium = a greenish-black material that is remnants from placenta |
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Sensory abilities of newborns
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Vision - prefer bright primary colors, vision not good (acuity)
Hearing - startled easily, but feels comforted when hearing his/herself Touch - sensitive Smell & Taste - really sensitive, in fact sophisticated |
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Basic Learning Processes of Newborns
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Classical conditioning - association of stimulus with something else, feeding with picked up (so stops crying)
Operant Conditioning - feedback influences voluntary behaviors, smiling grabs parents attention (baby smiles more) Habituation - novelties becoming a norm, not playing with a toy as much as he/she used to |
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Major Principles governing growth
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5 months = doubled weight
2 years = 4x weight, +1 height Caphalocaudal = head down to rest of body Proximodistal = center outward Hierarchical = simple skills before complex independent = different systems at different rates |
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Baby Motor development and Reflexes
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Reflexes;
Rooting Stepping Swimming Moro (fall) - seen more calmly among navajo Sabiniski (toes) Gross - Milestones 3 m = rolling over 3 m = grasping 6 m = sitting 7 = standing while holding on 8 m = grasping with finger and thumb 11 m = stand up 12 m = walking 15 m = building blocks 16 m = stairs 24 m = jump |
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NBAS - Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BOSTON)
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a measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavior responses to their environment
26 criteria test is useful but must be interpreted carefully because norms are AVERAGES |
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Nutrition needs for Infancy
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Marasmus = lack of nutrients forces body to stop growing
Kwashiokor = appear chubby but the body is filled with water trying to survive on few nutrients malnutrition = lower IQ obesity infant does not equal to obesity adulthood |
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Sensation and Perception in infants
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Visual = up to 20 feet, binocular vision
Auditory = good acuity, sound localization Smell and Taste = very well developed, (can tell their mother by smell), innate sweet tooth touch = highly responsive, soothing (or painful) |
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Substage1: Simple Reflex (Sensorimotor)
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first month of life
sucking |
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Substage 2: First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions (Sensorimotor)
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1-4 months
repetitive actions |
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substage 3: secondary circular reactions (sensorimotor)
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4-8 months, relating to the outside world
purpose |
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substage 4: coordination of secondary circular reactions (sensorimotor)
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8-12months of age-compound actions for a single act
object permanence-the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen |
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substage 5: tertiary circular reactions (sensorimotor)
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12-18 months, deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences
throwing objects in water for splash |
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substage 6: beginnings of thought (sensorimotor)
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18 months to 2 years, the capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought
ability to pretend and to imitate later mental image |
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Roots of language from sounds to symbols
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Baby's understand before communication
Prelinguistic Communication = sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation Babbling = speech like but meaningless sounds, simple to complex First words = repetitive baba, dada, 9-14 months girls before boys 16-24 months = 50 - 400 words holophrases - one word utterances with differing meaning First sentences around 18 months -telegraphic speech (more, juice) - underextension (my blanky is the only blanky) - overextension (everything is a car) Nativist - Noam Chomsky - Genetically determined, innate mechanism Interactionist - both |
