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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the phases of the female sexual response cycle? |
- Excitement
- Plateau - Orgas - Resolution |
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What happens during the excitement phase of the female sexual response cycle?
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- Uterus elevates
- Vaginal lubrication |
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What happens during the plateau phase of the female sexual response cycle?
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Expansion of inner vagina
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What happens during the orgasm phase of the female sexual response cycle?
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Contraction of uterus
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What mediates the female sexual response cycle? Other consequences?
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Mediated by Autonomic Nervous System
- Also causes tachycardia and skin flushing |
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What is the pathway of sperm ejaculation?
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SEVEN UP:
- Seminferous tubules - Epididymis - Vas Deferens - Ejaculatory ducts - Nothing - Urethra - Penis |
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What mediates an erection in a male? What nerve?
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Parasympathetic nervous system (via pelvic nerve)
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How does the parasympathetic nervous system mediate an erection?
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Pelvic nerve → NO → ↑ cGMP → smooth muscle relaxation → vasodilation → pro-erectile
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How does the parasympathetic nervous system inhibit an erection?
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Pelvic nerve → NE → ↑ [Ca2+]in → smooth muscle contraction → vasoconstriction → anti-erectile
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What mediates an emission in a male? What nerve?
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Sympathetic nervous system (via hypogastric nerve)
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What mediates an ejaculation in a male? What nerve?
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Visceral and somatic nerves (via pudendal nerve)
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What drugs can help mediate an erection? Mechanism?
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Sildenafil and Vardenafil → inhibit cGMP breakdown → smooth muscle relaxation → vasodilation → erection
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What kind of cells are in the seminiferous tubules?
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- Spermatogonia (germ cells)
- Sertoli cells - Leydig cells |
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What is the function of the spermatogonia? Location?
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- Maintains the germ pool
- Produces 1° spermatocytes - Lines the seminiferous tubules |
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What is the function of the Sertoli cells?
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- Secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH)
- Secrete androgen-binding protein (maintains T levels) - Blood-testis barrier (via tight junctions between Sertoli cells to protect gametes from auto-immune attack) - Support and nourish developing spermatozoa - Regulate spermatogenesis - Produce MIF |
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How does temperature affect the Sertoli cells?
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Temperature sensitive: ↓ sperm production and ↓ inhibin with ↑ temperature
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What is the location of the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells?
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- Sertoli cells: lines seminiferous tubules
- Leydig cells: interstitium |
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Where is the enzyme aromatase? Function?
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Within Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
- Converts Testosterone and Androstenedione to Estrogen |
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What is the source and function of Inhibin?
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- Secreted by Sertoli cells
- Inhibits FSH |
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What is the source and function of androgen-binding protein?
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- Secreted by Sertoli cells
- Maintains local levels of testosterone |
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What forms the blood-testis barrier? Importance?
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- Tight junctions between Sertoli cells (lining seminiferous tubules)
- Isolates gametes from auto-immune attack |
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What is source of Müllerian Inhibiting Factor?
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Sertoli cells
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What supports and nourishes the developing spermatozoa?
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Sertoli cells
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What conditions are associated with increased temperature in the testes? Potential consequences?
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- Varicocele and Cryptorchidism
- Leads to ↓ sperm production and ↓ inhibin (removes inhibition of FSH) |
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What are the functions of Leydig cells?
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- Secretes Testosterone in the presence of LH
- Also contains aromatase (converts Testosterone and Androstenedione to Estrogen) |
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How are the Leydig cells affected by temperature?
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Unaffected, Testosterone secretion does not change with temperature changes
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What is the source of estrogen? What type of estrogen is made by each source?
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- Ovary: 17β-estradiol |
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What is the relative potency of the types of estrogens?
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Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol
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What female development is regulated by estrogen?
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Development of:
- Genitalia - Breast - Female fat distribution |
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What are the effects of estrogen on the female reproductive tract?
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- Growth of follicle |
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What are the hormonal effects of estrogens?
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- Up-regulation of estrogen, LH, and progesterone receptors
- Feedback inhibition of FSH and LH, then LH surge - Stimulation of prolactin secretion |
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What is the effect of estrogen on proteins and cholesterol?
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- ↑ Transport proteins (SHBG)
- ↑ HDL and ↓ LDL |
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What happens to the levels of the types of estrogens during pregnancy?
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- 50-fold increase in estradiol (ovary) and estrone (adipose)
- 1000-fold increase in estriol (placenta) - indicator of fetal well-being |
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What is an indicator of fetal well-being during pregnancy?
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1000-fold increase in estriol (source: placenta)
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Where are estrogen receptors? What happens to them when they bind estrogen?
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- Estrogen receptors expressed in cytoplasm of cells
- Translocate to nucleus when bound by ligand |
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What stimulates FSH and LH release?
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Pulsatile GnRH
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What is the function of FSH in females?
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Stimulates aromatase: converts androstenedione → estrogens in Granulosa Cell
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What is the function of LH in females?
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Stimulates Desmolase: converts cholesterol → androstenedione in Theca Cells
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What happens in Theca cells in females?
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LH stimulates Desmolase: converts cholesterol → androstenedione (which is exported to granulosa cells)
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What happens in Granulosa cells in females?
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FSH stimulates Aromatase: converts androstenedione (from theca cells) → estrogens (which is secreted)
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What is the source of progesterone?
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- Corpus luteum
- Placenta - Adrenal cortex - Testes |
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What are the functions of progesterone?
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- Stimulates endometrial glandular secretions
- Stimulates spiral artery development - Maintains pregnancy by preventing uterine smooth muscle contractions (↓ myometrial excitability) - Produces thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into uterus - ↑ Body temperature - Prevents endometrial hyperplasia |
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What is the effect of progesterone on other hormones?
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- Inhibits LH and FSH (gonadotropins)
- ↓ Estrogen receptor expressivity |
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What leads to lactation after delivery?
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Fall in progesterone disinhibits prolactin → lactation
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What indicates ovulation?
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Increased progesterone
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What are the Tanner stages of sexual development?
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- I: Childhood (pre-pubertal)
- II: Pubic hair appears (pubarche); breast buds form (thelarche) - III: Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis size/length ↑; breasts enlarge - IV: Penis width ↑, darker scrotal skin, development of glans; raised areolae - V: adult, areolae are no longer raised |
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What Tanner stage is a pre-pubertal child?
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Tanner Stage I
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What Tanner stage is a child with new pubic hair?
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Tanner Stage II
- Pubarche |
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What Tanner stage is a child when the breast buds begin to form?
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Tanner Stage II
- Thelarche |
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What Tanner stage is a child when the pubic hair darkens and becomes curly?
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Tanner Stage III
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What Tanner stage is a child when there penis size / length begins increasing?
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Tanner Stage III
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What Tanner stage is a child when the breasts begin enlarging?
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Tanner Stage III
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What Tanner stage is a child when the penile width increases?
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Tanner Stage IV
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What Tanner stage is a child when the scrotal skin becomes darker?
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Tanner Stage IV
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What Tanner stage is a child when the glans develops?
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Tanner Stage IV
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What Tanner stage is a child when the areolae are raised?
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Tanner Stage IV
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What Tanner stage is an adult?
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Tanner Stage V
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What Tanner stage is a person when the areolae are no longer raised?
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Tanner Stage V
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What is the length of the Follicular phase and Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
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- Follicular phase: varies in length
- Luteal phase: always 14 days |
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When is follicular growth fastest?
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During 2nd week of proliferative (follicular) phase
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What stimulates endometrial proliferation?
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Estrogen
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What maintains endometrium to support implantation?
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Progesterone
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How does the amount of progesterone related to fertility?
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↓ Progesterone → ↓ Fertility
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What is the term for a menstrual cycle >35 days?
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Oligomenorrhea
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What is the term for a menstrual cycle <21 days?
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Polymenorrhea
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What is the term for frequent but irregular menstruation (intermenstrual bleeding)?
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Metrorrhagia
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What is the term for heavy menstrual bleeding (>80 mL blood loss or >7 days of menses)?
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Menorrhagia
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What is the term for heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals?
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Menometrorrhagia
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What does the graafian follicle mature?
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During proliferative (follicular) phase
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When does ovulation occur?
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- After proliferative phase (follicular)
- Before secretory phase (luteal) |
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When does the corpus luteum develop?
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After ovulation, during the secretory (luteal) phase
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When does the corpus luteum regress?
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During menstruation, after secretory (luteal) phase before beginning a new proliferative (follicular) phase
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What stimulates the LH surge? Result?
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↑ Estrogen → LH surge → Ovulation
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What stimulates ovulation?
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↑ Estrogen → LH surge → Ovulation
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What does ovulation lead to?
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↑ Progesterone (from corpus luteum)
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What stimulates menstruation?
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Fall in progesterone levels → Menstruation
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What happens during menstruation?
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Apoptosis of endometrial cells
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