Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the difference between tumor grade vs. stage? Which has more prognostic value?
|
Grade=histology (differentiation, # mitoses per hpf). Stage=TNM system: Tumor SIZE, Nodal involvement, Metastasic (more prognostic sifnificance than grade).
|
|
|
Tumor nomelclature: benign vs. malignant
|
Benign neoplasms end in -oma. Malignant neoplasms contain either sarcoma or carcinoma.
|
|
|
Tumor nomenclature: cellular origin
|
Epithelial=carcinoma. Mesenchymal=sarcoma (plus: leukemias, lymphomas). Multicellular: teratomas.
|
|
|
Neoplasm(s) associated with the following conditions: (1) Down Syndrome, (2) Tuberous sclerosis, (3) Cirrhosis (EtOH, HBV, HCV), (4) Paget's Disease?
|
(1) ALL, AML (2) Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma (3) Hepatocellular carcinoma (4) osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma.
|
|
|
Neoplasm(s) associated with the following conditions: (1) Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism, actinic keratosis (2) dysplasic nevus.
|
(1) Squamous cell carcinoma (2) (malignant) melanoma.
|
|
|
Neoplasm(s) associated with the following conditions: (1) Chronic gastritis, pernicious anemia (2) Ulcerative colitis (3) chronic GERD (Barrett's esophagus), (4) Plummer-Vinson syndrome (Fe deficiency)?
|
(1) Gastic adenocarcinoma (2) Colon adenocarcinoma (3) Esophageal adenocarcinoma (4) Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
|
|
|
Neoplasm(s) associated with the following conditions: (1) Immunodeficiency, AIDS, autoimmune disorders (Hashimoto's, Myasthenia gravis, etc.)
|
(1) Benign and malignant (mostly) lymphomas
|
|
|
Oncogenes vs. Tumor Suppressor genes: mutation needed for cancer/dysregulated cell proliferation?
|
Oncogenes: gain of function (1 allele mutant), Tumor suppressors: loss of fxn (2 alleles lost).
|
|
|
Gene mutations in MEN syndromes (1 vs. 2A & 2B (or 3)?
|
MEN 1=MEN1 (tumor suppressor, 2 alleles-loss of fxn). MEN 2A-B/3: ret (oncogene, 1 allele-gain)
|
|
|
3 myc (oncogene) mutations associated with neoplasms:
|
c-myc=Burkitt's lymphoma, L-myc=Lung tumor, N-myc=Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
Oncogene(s) and tumor suppressor(s) associated with the following conditions: (1) breast cancer, (2) colon/colorectal cancer?
|
(1) erb-B2 (onco) + BRCA1, 2 (suppressors). (2) ras (onco) + APC, DCC (suppressors). Note: p53 (suppressor) assoc. with most cancers!
|
|
|
Name the conditions assoc. with the following tumor suppressor genes: (1) Rb (2) WT1 (3) NF 1, NF 2 (4) DPC (not DCC).
|
(1) Retinoblastoma, (2) Wilm's tumor, (3) Neurofimbromatosis 1, 2 (respectively), (4) Pancreatic cancer (DCC=Colon cancer).
|
|
|
Name the neoplastic disease(s) assoc. with the following oncogenes: (1) abl (2) bcl-2 (3) c-kit (abc).
|
(1) CML, (2) Follicular lymphoma (inhibits apoptosis), (3) GI stromal tumor (GIST).
|
|
|
Tumor markers: name the neoplasms assoc. with the following markers: (1) PSA, (2) alpha-FP, (3) beta-hCG, (4) CA-125, (5) Alk Phos.
|
(1) Prostate cancer, (2) Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, (3) hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinoma & Gesational trophoblastic tumors, (4) ovarian cancers, malig epithelial, (5) mets to bone (most common), Paget's Disease, obstructive biliary disease.
|
|
|
Name 6 oncogenic viruses and their assoc. neoplasm(s).
|
(1) HTLV-1=Adult T-Lymphocyte Leukemia (ATLL), (2-3) HBV, HCV=hepatocellular, (4) EBV=Burkitt's, (5) HPV (16, 18)=cervical, (6) HHV-8=Kaposi's sarcoma.
|
|
|
Chemical carcinogens assoc. with various forms of hepatocellular neoplasms.
|
CCl4, acetaminophen, EtOH=centrilobular necrosis, steatosis. Aflatoxin (and HBV, HCV)=hepatocellular carcinoma. Vinyl chloride=angiosarcoma (liver).
|
|
|
Chemical carcinogens assoc. with the following cancers: (1) Esophageal/stomach, (2) Lung/URT, (3) Bladder (transitional cell), (4) Alkylating agents (antineoplastic Rx).
|
(1) Nitrosamines (smoked/charred meats), (2) asbestos, smoking, (3) naphthalene (aniline) dyes, (4) leukemias.
|
|
|
Paraneoplastic syndromes: name the mechanism/agent and neoplasms associated with: (1) Cushing's syndrome, (2) hypercalcemia, (3) Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscle weakness), (4) carcinoid syndrome (flushing, GI disturbances).
|
(1) Small cell (lung) (ATCH/-like), (2) Squamous cell (lung), renal cell, breast PTH-rP), (3) thymoma, Small cell (lung) (autoimmune), (4) bronchial adenoma, pancreatic, gastric carcinomas (5-HT).
|
|
|
Psammoma bodies: found in which 4 neoplastic diseases?
|
PSaMMoma: (1) Papillary adenoCA (thyroid), (2) Serous papillary cystadenoCA (ovary), (3) Meningioma, (4) Mesothelioma. Note: spherical, concentric (laminar) calcified, eosinophilic.
|
|
|
Metastatic CA: name most common primary sources and statistics of: (1) brain mets, (2) liver mets, (3) bone.
|
(1) (50% mets) Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney, GI (multiple, well-circum lesions). (2) Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung. (Note: liver & lung are most common site of mets from regional lymph nodes.) (3) Prostate, Breast, Kidney, Thyroid, Testes, Lung (Lead Kettle=Pb KTTL).
|
|
|
Cancer epidemiology: highest incidence (M vs. F) and mortality (M vs. F)?
|
Incidence (new cases/year): 1. M=prostate/F=breast, 2. lung, 3. colorectal. Mortality: 1. lung (M=plateaued, F=rising), 2. M=prostate/F=breast, 3. colorectal (Cancer is #2 overall, #1=heart disease (overall U.S. mortality).
|
|
|
What is Apoptosis?
|
Programmed cell death; ATP required; caspase mediated. Cell/nuclear shrinkage, basophilia; no significant inflammation (atrophy, immune mediated, hypoxia, etc.).
|
|
|
What is necrosis?
|
Enzymatic degradation caused be exogenous injury; Inflammatory. (Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fibrinoid, gangrenous)
|
|
|
What is Reversible Cell injury?
|
Cellular swelling; nuclear chromatin clumping; decreased ATP synthesisi; ribosomal detachment; glycogen depletion; fatty change
|
|
|
What is Irreversible Cell injury?
|
Plasma membrane damage; lysosomal rupture; Ca influx > oxidative phosphorylation; nuclear basophilia/fragmentation/fading; mitochondrial permiability
|
|
|
What is inflammation?
|
Redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function
|
|
|
What is inflammation - fluid exudation?
|
Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury
|
|
|
What is inflammation - leukocyte activation?
|
Emigration (rolling, binding, diapedesis); chemotaxis (neutrophil - IL-8, C5a, LT B4, kallikrein); phagocytosis
|
|
|
What is inflammation - Fibrosis?
|
Fibroblast emigration/prolif; ECM deposition
|
|
|
What is inflammation - Acute?
|
Neutrophil, eosinophil, Ab mediated; onset - sec to minutes; duration - min to days
|
|
|
What is inflammation - Chronic?
|
Mononuclear mediated; persistant destruction/repair; vascularization; fibrosis. Granuloma (epithelioid Macs and giant cells) - TB, syphilis, Listeria, Wegener's, etc.
|
|
|
What is inflammation - Resolution?
|
Restoration of norm structure (granulation tissue, abcess, fistula, scarring)
|
|
|
What is Transudate?
|
Hypocellular; protein poor; specific gravity <1.012; Due to: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure, Na retention
|
|
|
What is Exudate?
|
Cellular; proein rich; specific gravity >1.020; Due to: lymphatic obstruction, inflammation
|
|
|
What is Leukocyte Extravasation?
|
Neutrophils exit blood vessels - 4 steps: Rolling (sialyl Lewis X of leukocyte binds E and P selectin on endothelium), Tight Binding (Integrin on leukocyte binds ICAM-1 on endothelium), Diapedesis (leukocyte travels between endothelial cells - PECAM-1), Migration (travels to sight of injury by chemotactic signals - cytokines).
|
|
|
What is Free Radical Injury?
|
Cell injury (radiation, phase I metabolism, etc) through lipid membrane peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage. Reperfusion after anoxia induces free radical production - major cause of injury after thrombolytic therapy.
|
|
|
Amyloid stain
|
beta-pleated sheet; apple green birefringence of Congo red stain
|
|
|
What is Primary Amyloidosis?
|
AL protein; from Ig light chains (mult. Myeloma)
|
|
|
What is Secondary Amyloidosis?
|
AA protein; from serun amyloid associated protein (chronic inflammatory disease)
|
|
|
What is Senile cardiac Amyloidosis?
|
Transthyretin protein; from AF (old Fogies)
|
|
|
What is DM type 2 Amyloidosis?
|
Amylin protein; from AE (Endocrine)
|
|
|
What is Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid Amyloidosis?
|
A-CAL protein; from calcitonin
|
|
|
What is Alzheimer's Amyloidosis?
|
beta-amyloid protein; from amyloid precursor protein (APP)
|
|
|
What is Dialysis-associated Amyloidosis?
|
beta 2-microglobulin; from MHC I proteins
|
|
|
What is hypovolemic/cardiogenic Shock?
|
Low-output failure (cold, clammy, increaded TPR, decreased CO)
|
|
|
What septic Shock?
|
High-output failure (hot, dilated arterioles, decreased TPR, high mixed venous pressure)
|
|
|
Describe Neoplastic progression.
|
Normal - basal to apical differentiation; Hyperplasia - increased cell #, abnormal size/shape/orientation (dysplasia); Carcinoma In-Situ/preinvasive - no basemant membrane invasion, high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, neoplastic cells encompas entire thickness, monoclonal cells; Invasive - invaded basement membrane (collegenases, hydrolases), can metastasize into blood/lymphatic vessels; Metastatic - spread to distant organs, seed and soil, decreased cadherin/increased integrin receptors
|
|
|
What is Hyperplasia?
|
increased cell #
|
|
|
What is metaplasia?
|
1 adult cell is replaced by another, secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure
|
|
|
What is Dysplasia?
|
abn growth, loss of orientation, shape, size (preneoplastic)
|
|
|
What is Anaplasia?
|
abn cells lacking differentiation (primitive cells of same tissue), little to no resemblance to tissue of origin
|
|
|
What is Neoplasia?
|
uncontrolled, excessive clonal proliferation
|
|
|
What is Desmoplasia?
|
fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
|
