Fa Path

Front 1

Enzymatic degradation of a cell due to exogenous injury. Inflammatory.

Back 1

Necrosis

Front 2

What type of necrosis do BVs undergo?

Back 2

Fibrinoid

Front 3

What is dry gangrene?

Back 3

Ischemic coagulative necrosis

Front 4

What is wet gangrene?

Back 4

Bacterial necrosis

Front 5

Cause of reperfusion injury

Back 5

Free radical damage

Front 6

Infarcts in loose tissues with collaterals (liver, lungs, intestine,) or following reperfusion

Back 6

Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts

Front 7

Infarcts in solid tissues with a single blood supply (heart, kidney, spleen)

Back 7

Pale infarcts

Front 8

Chemotactic signals for PMNs

Back 8

Bacterial products, and CILK: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, and Kallikrein

Front 9

Expressed on vessels/stroma to enable leukocyte rolling (first step of leukocyte extravasation)

Back 9

E-selectin and P-selectin

Front 10

Expressed on vessels/stroma to allow tight binding of leukocytes (second step of leukocyte extravasation)

Back 10

ICAM-1

Front 11

Expressed on vessels/stroma to enhance leukocyte diapedesis (third step of leukocyte extravasation)

Back 11

PECAM-1

Front 12

Expressed on leukocytes; binds E-selectin and P-selectin (enabling leukocyte rolling)

Back 12

Sialyl Lewis

Front 13

Expressed on leukocytes; binds ICAM-1 to enable tight binding to vessels/stroma

Back 13

LFA-1 ("integrin")

Front 14

Expressed on leukocytes; binds PECAM-1 on vessels/stroma to enable diapedesis

Back 14

PECAM-1

Front 15

Mechanism of free radical injury

Back 15

Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and DNA breakage

Front 16

Primary amyloidosis (AL) is derived from what?

Back 16

Ig light chains (e.g. MM)

Front 17

Secondary amyloidosis (AA) is derived from what?

Back 17

Serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA) - chronic inflammation

Front 18

Amyloidosis due to Transthyrtin accumulation, derived from AF

Back 18

Senile cardiac (AF - think old Folks)

Front 19

Amyloidosis due to amylin accumulation, derived from AE

Back 19

T2DM (AE - think Endocrine)

Front 20

Amyloidosis due to A-CAL, derived from calcitonin

Back 20

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Front 21

Amyloidosis due to beta-amyloid, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Back 21

Alzheimer's disease

Front 22

Amyloidosis due to beta-2 microglobulin, derived from MHC I proteins

Back 22

Dialysis-associated

Front 23

Receptors expressed by metastatic cells

Back 23

Decreased cadherin, increased laminin and integrin

Front 24

Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated w/ undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little/no resemblance to tissue of origin.

Back 24

Anaplasia (irreversible)

Front 25

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

Back 25

Desmoplasia (irreversible)

Front 26

Which has more prognostic value, grade or stage of a tumor?

Back 26

Stage (think Spread)

Front 27

Based on degree of differentiation and number of mitosis per HPF; character of tumor itself

Back 27

Grade

Front 28

Based on site and size of primary lesion, spread to regional LNS or metastasis; spread of tumor in a specific patient

Back 28

Stage

Front 29

Benign tumors derived from epithelium

Back 29

Adenomas and papillomas

Front 30

Benign tumors derived from BVs

Back 30

Hemangiomas

Front 31

Are all leukemias and lymphomas malignant?

Back 31

Yes

Front 32

Malignant tumors derived from BVs

Back 32

Angiosarcomas

Front 33

Sarcoma implies what?

Back 33

Malignancy derived from mesenchymal origin

Front 34

Carcinoma implies what?

Back 34

Malignancy derived from epithelial origin

Front 35

Benign tumor of more than one cell type

Back 35

Mature teratoma (in women - in men this is always malignant.)

Front 36

Malignant tumor of more than one cell type

Back 36

Immature teratoma, or benign teratoma in men

Front 37

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ Down Syndrome

Back 37

ALL, AML

Front 38

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, or postsurgical gastric remnants

Back 38

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Front 39

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, MR)

Back 39

Astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and cardiac rhabdomyomas

Front 40

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ actinic keratosis

Back 40

SCC

Front 41

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)

Back 41

SCC of the esophagus

Front 42

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ UC

Back 42

Colonic adenocarcinoma

Front 43

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ Paget's disease of bone

Back 43

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

Front 44

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ immunodeficiency states

Back 44

Malignant lymphomas

Front 45

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ autoimmune diseases (e.g. Hashimoto's, MG)

Back 45

Lymphoma

Front 46

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ acanthosis nigricans

Back 46

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)

Front 47

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ dysplastic nevi

Back 47

Malignant melanoma

Front 48

Neoplasm(s) associated w/ radiation exposure

Back 48

Sarcomas, papillary thyroid cancers

Front 49

Tumor associated w/ abl oncogene

Back 49

CML

Front 50

Tumor associated w/ c-myc oncogene

Back 50

Burkitt's lymphoma

Front 51

Tumor associated w/ bcl-2 oncogene

Back 51

Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)

Front 52

Tumor associated w/ erb-B2 oncogene

Back 52

Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas

Front 53

Tumor associated w/ ras oncogene

Back 53

Colon carcinoma

Front 54

Tumor associated w/ L-myc oncogene

Back 54

Lung tumor

Front 55

Tumor associated w/ N-myc oncogene

Back 55

Neuroblastoma

Front 56

Tumor associated w/ c-kit

Back 56

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Front 57

TS (and its location) associated w/ retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

Back 57

Rb; 13q

Front 58

TS (and its location) associated w/ breast and ovarian cancer

Back 58

BRCA1; 17q

Front 59

TS (and its location) associated w/ breast cancer (not ovarian cancer)

Back 59

BRCA2; 13q

Front 60

TS (and its location) associated w/ Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and most human cancers

Back 60

p53; 17p

Front 61

TS (and its location) associated w/ melanoma

Back 61

p16; 9p

Front 62

TS (and its location) associated w/ colorectal cancer (FAP)

Back 62

APC; 5q

Front 63

TS (and its location) associated w/ Wilms' tumor

Back 63

WT1; 11p

Front 64

TS (and its location) associated w/ NF1

Back 64

NF1; 17q

Front 65

TS (and its location) associated w/ NF2

Back 65

NF2; 22q

Front 66

TS (and its location) associated w/ pancreatic cancer

Back 66

DPC; 18q (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer)

Front 67

TS (and its location) associated w/ colon cancer

Back 67

DCC; 18q (Deleted in Colon Cancer)

Front 68

Tumor marker for prostate carcinoma

Back 68

Prostatic acid phosphatase

Front 69

CEA is a tumor marker for what?

Back 69

Nonspecific - produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas

Front 70

AFP is a tumor marker for what?

Back 70

Hepatocellular carcinomas, and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (e.g. yolk sac tumors)

Front 71

beta-HCG is a tumor marker for what?

Back 71

Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, and Gestational trophoblastic tumors

Front 72

CA-125 is a tumor marker for what?

Back 72

Ovarian tumors and malignant epithelial tumors

Front 73

S-100 is a tumor marker for what?

Back 73

Melanoma, neural tumors, or astrocytomas

Front 74

Alkaline phosphatase is a marker for what?

Back 74

Bone mets, Paget's disease of bone, or obstructive biliary disease

Front 75

Bombesin is a tumor marker for what?

Back 75

Neuroblastomas, lung or gastric cancers

Front 76

Tumor marker for Hairy cell leukemia (a B cell neoplasm)

Back 76

TRAP - tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

Front 77

CA-19-9 is a tumor marker for what?

Back 77

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Front 78

Neoplasm that can cause Cushing's syndrome as a paraneoplastic effect

Back 78

Small cell lung carcinoma (release of ACTH or ACTH-like peptide)

Front 79

Neoplasm that can cause SIADH as a paraneoplastic effect

Back 79

Small cell lung carinoma or intracranial neoplasm (release of ADH)

Front 80

Neoplasm that can cause hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic effect

Back 80

Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, or breast carcinoma (due to release of PTH-rp, TGF-beta, TNF, and/or IL-1)

Front 81

Neoplasm that can cause polycythemia as a paraneoplastic effect

Back 81

Renal cell carcinoma or hemangioblastoma (release of EPO)

Front 82

Neoplasm that can cause Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Back 82

Thymoma or small cell lung carcinoma (abys against presynaptic Ca++ channels at NMJ)

Front 83

Neoplastic effects possible with small cell carcinomas

Back 83

Cushing's syndrome, SIADH, hypercalcemia, or Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Front 84

Psammoma bodies are seen in what disorders?

Back 84

PSaMMoma: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary, Meningioma, and Malignant mesothelioma

Front 85

Causes of increased ESR

Back 85

Infection, inflammation, cancer, pregnancy, SLE

Front 86

Causes of decreased ESR

Back 86

Sickle cell (altered RBC shape,) polycythemia (too many RBCs,) and CHF (unknown)

Front 87

Primary tumors that metastasize to brain

Back 87

Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia - Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma,) Kidney (RCC,) GI

Front 88

What percentage of brain tumors are due to metastasis?

Back 88

50%

Front 89

Primary tumors that metastasize to the liver

Back 89

Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver: Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung

Front 90

Most common sites of metastasis

Back 90

Lymph nodes, liver, and lung

Front 91

Primary tumors that metastasize to bone

Back 91

Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Breast, Lung, Kidney

Front 92

Most common sources of bone mets

Back 92

Breast and prostate

Front 93

Are bone tumors more commonly primary or metastatic?

Back 93

Mets are far more common

Front 94

Bone mets from this source cause lytic lesions

Back 94

Lung (Lytic)

Front 95

Bone mets from this source cause blastic lesions

Back 95

Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Breast, Lung, Kidney

Front 96

Bone mets from this source cause both lytic and blastic lesions

Back 96

Breast cancer (Both)