Fa Neurology Cards

Front 1

Pt presents with decreased pain and temperature sensation over lateral aspects of both arms. What is the lesion?

Back 1

Syringomyelia

Front 2

Penlight in p's R eye produces bilateral pupillary constriction. When moved to the L eye, there is paradoxical dilatation. What is the defect?

Back 2

Atrophy of the optic nerve

Front 3

Pt describes a decreased prick sensation on the lateral aspect of her leg and foot. A deficit in what muscular action can also be expected?

Back 3

Dorsoflexion and eversion of foot (common peroneal nerve)

Front 4

Elderly woman presents with arthritis and tingling over the lateral digits of her R hand. What is the diagnosis?

Back 4

Carpal tunnel syndrome, median nerve compression

Front 5

20 year-old dancer reports decreased plantar flexion and decreased sensation over the back of her thigh, calf, and lateral half of her foot. What spinal nerve is involved?

Back 5

Tibial (L4-S3)

Front 6

Woman involved in a motor vehicle accident cannot turn her head to the L and has right shoulder droop. What structure is damaged?

Back 6

R CN XI (runs through the jugular foramen with IX and X); innervates the sternocleidomastoids and trapezius muscles

Front 7

Man presents with one wild, flailing arm. Where is the lesion?

Back 7

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus -- hemiballismus

Front 8

Pt with a cortical lesion does not know that he has a disease. Where is the lesion?

Back 8

R parietal lobe

Front 9

Pt cannot protrude tongue toward L side and has R-sided spastic paralysis. Where is the lesion?

Back 9

Left medulla, CN XII

Front 10

Teen falls while rollerblading and hurts his elbow. He can't feel the medial part of his palm. Which nerve and what injury?

Back 10

ulnar nerve due to broken medial condyle

Front 11

Pt cannot blink high right eye or seal his lips and has mild ptosis on the right side. What is the diagnosis and which nerve is affected?

Back 11

Bell's palsy, CN VII

Front 12

Field hockey player presents to the ER after falling on her arm during practice. X ray shows midshaft break of hte humerous. Which nerve and artery are most likely damaged?

Back 12

radial nerve and deep brachial artery, which run together

Front 13

Pt complains of pain, numbness and a tingling sensation. On exam, she has wasting of the thenar eminence. What is the diagnosis and what nerve is often affected?

Back 13

Carpal tunnel syndrome, median nerve

Front 14

Woman presents with headache, visual disturbance, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea. What is the diagnosis?

Back 14

Prolactinoma

Front 15

43-year-old man experiences dizziness and tinnitus. CT shows enlarged internal acoustic meatus. What is the diagnoses?

Back 15

Schwannoma

Front 16

25-year-old female presents with sudden uniocular vision lass and slightly slurred speech. She has a history of weakness and parasthesias that have resolved. What is the diagnosis?

Back 16

MS

Front 17

10-year-old child "spaces out" in class (e.g., stops talking midsentence and then continues as if nothing had happened). During spells, there is a slight quivering of lips. What is the diagnosis?

Back 17

Absence seizures

Front 18

What is the role of astrocytes?

Back 18

physical support, repair, K metabolism, help maintain the BBB. Astrocyte marker: GFAP

Front 19

What is the role of ependymal cells?

Back 19

inner lining of ventricles

Front 20

What is the role of microglia?

Back 20

phagocytosis

Front 21

What is the role of oligodendroglia?

Back 21

central myelin production; can myelinate up to 30 CNS axons

Front 22

What is the role of Schwann cells?

Back 22

peripheral myelin production; each Schwann only myelinates one peripheral axon

Front 23

Where do microglia originate from?

Back 23

Like all macrophages, microglia arise from the mesoderm. All other CNS/PNS supportive cells originate in the ectoderm.

Front 24

What is the most abundant glial cell in white matter?

Back 24

oligodendroglia

Front 25

Which sensory corpuscle is involved in light discriminatory touch of glabrous (hairless) skin?

Back 25

Meissner's

Front 26

Which sensory corpuscle is involved in pressure, coarse touch, vibration and tension?

Back 26

Pacinian

Front 27

Which sensory corpuscle is involved in light, crude touch of finger tips, hair follicles and hard palate?

Back 27

Merkel's

Front 28

The cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals is filled with what Na-rich fluid?

Back 28

Perilymph (peri - think outside of the cell, Na)

Front 29

The cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals have tubes filled with what K-rich fluid?

Back 29

endolymph (think inside the cell, K)

Front 30

Which ear structures detect linear acceleration?

Back 30

Utricle and saccule; contain maculae

Front 31

Which structures in the ear detect angular acceleration?

Back 31

Semicircular canals (contain ampullae; ampullae/angle)

Front 32

Which area of the cochlea detects high-frequency sound?

Back 32

base (narrow and stiff)

Front 33

Which area of the cochlea detects low-frequency sound?

Back 33

apex (wide and flexible)

Front 34

What 3 structures form the BBB?

Back 34

1. tight jnxns between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
2. astrocyte processes
3. basement membrane

Front 35

Vasogenic edem is caused by what pathopysiology?

Back 35

infarction leading to destroyed endothelial cells

Front 36

What cells cross the BBB more easily?

Back 36

nonpolar, lipid-soluble substances

Front 37

What are the main fnxns of the hypothalamus?

Back 37

TAN HATS
-Thirst and water balance
-Adenohypophysis control via releasing factors
-Neurohypophysis and median eminence relase hormones synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei
-Hunger and satiety
-Autonomic regulation; circadian rhythyms
-temperature regulation
-Sexual urges and emotions (Septal nucleus)

Front 38

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

Back 38

ADH and oxytocin

Front 39

What thalamic nuclei relays visual information?

Back 39

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN = light)

Front 40

What thalamic nuclei relays auditory information?

Back 40

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN = music)

Front 41

What thalamic nuclei relays body sensation?

Back 41

Ventral posterior nucleus, lateral part (VPL)

Front 42

What thalamic nuclei relays facial sensation?

Back 42

Ventral posterior nucleus, medial part (VPM)

Front 43

What thalamic nuclei relays motor information?

Back 43

Ventral anterior/lateral (VA/VL)

Front 44

What is the fnxn of the limbic system?

Back 44

Famous 5 F's
-Feeding
-Fighting
-Feeling
-Flight
-Sex

Front 45

What are the structures and what is the fnxn of the Basal ganglia?

Back 45

Substantia nigra
Globus pallidus (externus and internus)
subthalamic nucleus
D1 and D2 receptors

Fnxn in voluntary movements and making postural adjustments

Front 46

What disease is the result of decreasing input from the substantial nigra?

Back 46

Parkinson's

Front 47

What are the fnxns of the frontal lobe?

Back 47

Executive fnxns: planning, inhibition, concentration, orientation, language, abstraction, judgement, mood,motor regulation

Front 48

The anterior cerebral artery supplies what area(s) of the brain?

Back 48

medial surface of the brain; leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices.

Front 49

The middle cerebral artery supplies what area(s) of the brain?

Back 49

lateral aspect of the brain, trunk-arm-face area of motor and sensory cortices, Broca's and Wernicke's speech area

Front 50

The posterior communicating artery supplies what area(s) of the brain?

Back 50

common area of anneurysm; causes CN III palsy

Front 51

The anterior communicating artery supplies what area(s) of the brain?

Back 51

most common site of Circle of Willis anneurysm; lesions may cause visual-field defects

Front 52

The Lateral striate arteries supply what area(s) of the brain?

Back 52

divisions of the middle cerebral artery; arteries of stroke; supply internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Front 53

What are the signs of an anterior circle stroke?

Back 53

general sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia

Front 54

What are the signs of a posterior circle stroke?

Back 54

cranial nerve deficits (vertigo, visual deficits), coma, cerebellar deficits (ataxia)

Front 55

What connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

Back 55

The foramen of Monroe (intraventricular foramen)

Front 56

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

Back 56

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)

Front 57

How does CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

Back 57

lateral = Foramen of Luschka
medial = Foramen of Magendie

Front 58

State the locations of neurons and synapses for the dorsal column/medial lemniscus tract?

Back 58

1st order: DRG, ascends ipsi up spinal cord

1st synapse: nucleus cunneatus (arms) or gracilis (legs)

2nd order: decussates in medulla and ascends contralaterally

2nd synapse: VPL thalamus

3rd order neuron: sensory cortex

Front 59

State the locations of neurons and synapses for the spinothalamic tract?

Back 59

1st order: A-delta and C fibers

1st synapse: ipsi grey matter of spinal cord

2nd order: decussates at anterior white commisure, ascends contra

2nd synapse: VPL thalamus

3rd order neuron: sensory cortex

Front 60

State the locations of neurons and synapses for the lateral corticospinal tract?

Back 60

Upper motor neuron: 1' motor cortex, descends ipsi until decussates at medullary pyramids

1st synapse: cell body of anterior horn of spinal cord

Lower motor neuron: leaves the spinal cord

2nd synapse: neuromuscular jnxn

Front 61

What are the 5 nerve roots that comprise the brachial plexus?

Back 61

C5-8 and T1 (C5-7 branch off the long thoracic)

Front 62

An injury to the shaft of the humerus will damage which nerve resulting in what motor deficits?

Back 62

Radial nerve, loss of triceps brachii, brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus

Front 63

An injury to the supracondyl of the humerus damages which nerve causing what motor deficits?

Back 63

Median nerve, loss of power in any of the arm muscles, forearm pronation, wrist flexion, finger flexion, thenar atrophy

Front 64

An injury to the medial epicondyle damages which nerve causing what motor deficits?

Back 64

Ulnar nerve, impaired wrist flexion and adduction, impaired adduction of the thumb and the ulnar 2 fingers

Front 65

An injury to the sugical neck of the humerus or anterior shoulder dislocation damages which nerve causing what motor deficits?

Back 65

Axillary nerve, loss of deltoid aciton

Front 66

The posterior half of the skull cap is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 66

C2

Front 67

The location of a high turtleneck shirt is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 67

C3

Front 68

The location of the top of a low collar shirt is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 68

C4

Front 69

The nipple is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 69

T4 (T4 at the TEAT pore)

Front 70

The xiphoid process is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 70

T7

Front 71

The umbilicus is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 71

T10 (belly butTEN)

Front 72

The inguinal ligament is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 72

L1 (L1 is IL)

Front 73

The kneecap is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 73

L4

Front 74

Erection and sensation of penile and anal zones is the landmark dermatome for which nerve?

Back 74

S2, S3, S4 (2,3,4 keep the penis off the floor)

Front 75

What is the role of muscle spindles in muscle fiber movement?

Back 75

Muscle spindles monitor muscle length (help you pick up a heavy object when you didn't know how heavy it was)

Front 76

What is the role of golgi tendon organs in muscle fiber movement?

Back 76

Golgi tendon organs monitor muscle tension; inhibitory feedback to alph motor neurons (make you drop a heavy object you have been holding too long)

Front 77

What motor reflex is normal during the first year of life but is pathological in adults?

Back 77

Babinsky sign - dorsiflexion of the big toe but fanning of the other toes

Front 78

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN I.

Back 78

Olfactory
Smell
Sensory

Front 79

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN II

Back 79

Optic
Sight
Sensory

Front 80

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN III

Back 80

Oculomotor
eye movement, pupil constriction, accomodation, eyelid opening
Motor

Front 81

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN IV

Back 81

Trochlear
eye movement
Motor

Front 82

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN V

Back 82

Trigeminal
Mastication, facial sensation
Both

Front 83

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN VI

Back 83

Abducens
Eye movement (lateral rectus)
Motor

Front 84

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN VII

Back 84

Facial
Facial movement, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, lacrimation, salivation(submaxillary and sublingual glands), eyelid closing
Both

Front 85

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN VIII

Back 85

Vestibulocochlear
hearing,balance
Sensory

Front 86

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN IX

Back 86

Glossopharyngeal
Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, swallowing, salivation (parotid), monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors
Both

Front 87

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN X

Back 87

Vagus
taste from epiglottic region, swallowing, palate elevation, talking, thoracoabdominal viscera, aortic arch chemo- baroreceptors
Both

Front 88

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN XI

Back 88

Accessory
head turning, shoulder shrugging
Motor

Front 89

Provide the name, function and type of nerve for CN XII

Back 89

Hypoglossal
tongue movement
Motor

Front 90

Motor cranial nerves are located where in the tegmentum of brainstem?

Back 90

medial nuclei (motor=medial)

Front 91

Sensory cranial nerves are located where int he tegmentum of the brainstem?

Back 91

Lateral nuclei

Front 92

The Pons is home to which CNs?

Back 92

V,VI,VII,VIII

Front 93

The medulla is home to which CNs?

Back 93

IX, X, XI, XII

Front 94

The midbrain is home to which CNs?

Back 94

III, IV

Front 95

What is the function and which CNs run through the Nucleus Solitarius?

Back 95

Visceral sensory information (taste, baroreceptors, gut distension)
VII, IX, X (sensory=solitary)

Front 96

What is the function and which CNs run through the Nucleus ambiguous?

Back 96

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (swallowing, palate elevation)
IX, X, XI

Front 97

What is the function and which CNs run through the Dorsal motor nucleus?

Back 97

Sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI
No CNs

Front 98

CN I runs through which skull structure?

Back 98

Cribiform plate

Front 99

Which CN and vessels run through the optic canal?

Back 99

CNII, opthalmic artery, central retinal vein

Front 100

Which CN and vessels run through the superior orbital fissure?

Back 100

CNs III, IV, V(1), VI, opthalmic vein

Front 101

Which CN and vessels run through the Foramen Rotundum?

Back 101

CN V(2)

Front 102

Which CN and vessels run through the Foramen Ovale?

Back 102

CN V(3)

Front 103

Which CN and vessels run through the foramen spinosum?

Back 103

middle meningeal artery

Front 104

Which CN and vessels run through the internal auditory meatus?

Back 104

CN VII, VII

Front 105

Which CN and vessels run through the Jugular foramen?

Back 105

CNs IX, X, XI, jugular vein

Front 106

Which CN and vessels run through the hypoglossal canal?

Back 106

CN XII

Front 107

Which CN and vessels run through the Foramen Magnum?

Back 107

spinal roots of CN XI, brainstem, vertebral arteries

Front 108

What 3 muscles close the jaw?

Back 108

Masseter, temporalis, Medial

Front 109

What muscle opens the jaw?

Back 109

lateral pterygoid

Front 110

Trace the pupillary light reflex

Back 110

light in either retina sends a signal via CNII to pretectal nuclei in midbrain that activate Edinger-Westphal nuclei; pupils contract bilaterally--even if light is only in one eye