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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the dominant normal flora in the skin? |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
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What is the dominant normal flora in the nose?
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- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Colonized by Staphylococcus aureus |
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What is the dominant normal flora in the oropharynx?
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Viridans group Streptococci
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What is the dominant normal flora in dental plaques?
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Streptococcus mutans
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What is the dominant normal flora in the colon?
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Bacteroides fragilis > E. coli
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What is the dominant normal flora in the vagina?
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- Lactobacillus
- Colonized by E. coli and Group B Strep |
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What is the normal flora in neonates delivered by C-section?
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No flora, but rapidly colonized after birth
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Which bugs cause food poisoning that starts quickly and ends quickly?
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- Staphylococcus aureus (preformed toxin)
- Bacillus cereus |
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Which microorganisms cause food poisoning?
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- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium botulinum - Clostridium perfringens - E. coli O157:H7 - Salmonella - S. aureus - Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus |
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating reheated rice?
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Bacillus cereus ("Food poisoning from reheated rice, Be serious!")
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating improperly canned foods (sign is bulging cans)?
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Clostridium botulinum
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating reheated meat dishes?
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Clostridium perfringens
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating undercooked meat?
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E. coli O157:H7
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating poultry, meat, or eggs?
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Salmonella
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating meats, mayonnaise, or custard?
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Staphylococcus aureus (preformed toxin)
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Which microorganism causes food poisoning after eating contaminated seafood?
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- Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus |
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Which microorganism causes wound infections from contact with contaminated water or shellfish?
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Vibrio vulnificus
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Which bugs cause bloody diarrhea?
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- Campylobacter
- Entamoeba histolytica - Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) - Salmonella - Shigella - Yersinia enterocolitica |
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea is comma- or S-shaped and grows at 42°C?
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Campylobacter
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea is a protozoan, causes amebic dysentery and liver abscesses?
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea can cause Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and makes Shiga-like toxin?
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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - O157:H7
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea invades colonic mucosa?
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Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea is lactose (-), has flagellar motility, animal reservoir, and especially found in poultry and eggs?
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Salmonella (remember flagella because salmon swim)
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea is lactose (-), has a very low ID50, produces Shiga toxin, only human reservoir, and causes bacillary dysentery?
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Shigella
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Which bug that causes bloody diarrhea is associated with day-care outbreaks and pseudoappendicitis?
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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Which bugs cause watery diarrhea?
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- Clostridium difficile
- Clostridium perfringens - Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) - Giardia and Cryptosporidium in immunocompromised - Vibrio cholerae - Rotavirus, Norovirus |
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Which bug that causes watery diarrhea causes pseudomembranous colitis, caused by antibiotics, and occasionally may be bloody?
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Clostridium difficile
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Which bug that causes watery diarrhea also causes gas gangrene?
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Clostridium perfringens
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Which bug that cause watery diarrhea is aka travelers' diarrhea and produces heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins?
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
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Which protozoa can cause watery diarrhea in healthy patients?
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Giardia
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Which protozoa can cause watery diarrhea in immunocompromised patients?
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Cryptosporidium
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Which bug that causes watery diarrhea is comma-shaped, associated with "rice-water" diarrhea, and often from infected seafood?
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Vibrio cholerae
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Which viruses cause watery diarrhea?
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- Rotavirus
- Norovirus |
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What are the common causes of pneumonia in neonates?
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- Group B streptococci
- E. coli |
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What are the common causes of pneumonia in children (4 weeks - 18 years)?
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Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum
- Viruses (RSV) - Mycoplasma - Chlamydia trachomatis (infants - 3 years) - Chlamydophila pneumoniae (school-aged children) - S. pneumoniae |
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What are the common causes of pneumonia in adults (18-40 years)?
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- Mycoplasma
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae - S. pneumoniae |
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What are the common causes of pneumonia in adults (40-65 years)?
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- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae - Anaerobes - Viruses - Mycoplasma |
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What are the common causes of pneumonia in elderly (>65)?
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- S. pneumoniae
- Influenza virus - Anaerobes - H. influenzae - Gram negative rods |
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Which bugs are common in alcoholics and IV drug users?
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- S. pneumoniae
- Klebsiella - Staphylococcus |
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Which bugs are common to aspirate?
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Anaerobes
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Which bugs are "atypical"?
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- Mycoplasma
- Legionella - chlamydia |
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Which bugs are associated with Cystic Fibrosis?
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- Pseudomonas
- S. aureus - S. pneumoniae |
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Which bugs are common in the immunocompromised?
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- Staphylococcus
- Enteric G- rods - Fungi - Viruses - P. jirovecii (with HIV) |
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What are the nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections?
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- Staphylococcus
- Pseudomonas - Other enteric G- rods |
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Which bacteria are common post-viral infection?
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- Staphylococcus
- H. influenzae - S. pneumoniae |
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What are the common causes of meningitis in newborns (0-6 months)?
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* Group B streptococci
* E. coli - Listeria * = same as pneumonia |
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What are the common causes of meningitis in children (6 months - 6 years)?
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* S. pneumoniae
- N. meningitidis - H. influenzae type B - Enteroviruses * = same as pneumonia |
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What are the common causes of meningitis in 6 to 60 year olds?
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* S. pneumoniae |
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What is the number one cause of meningitis in teens?
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N. meningitidis
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What are the common causes of meningitis in elderly (>60)?
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* S. pneumoniae
* G- rods - Listeria * = same as pneumonia |
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How should you treat suspected cases of meningitis?
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Treat empirically with Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin
- Add Ampicillin if Listeria is suspected |
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What are the viral causes of meningitis?
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- Enteroviruses (especially coxsackievirus)
- HSV-2 (HSV-1 = encephalitis) - HIV - West Nile Virus - VZV |
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What are the common causes of meningitis in HIV patients?
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- Cryptococcus
- CMV - Toxoplasmosis (brain abscesses) - JC virus (PML) |
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What are cases of meningitis due to H. influenzae more common?
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In unimmunized children (rates have gone down significantly in last 10-15 years since introduction of the conjugate H. influenzae vaccine)
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What are the CSF findings in bacterial meningitis?
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- ↑ opening pressure
- ↑ PMNs - ↑ Protein - ↓ Glucose |
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What are the CSF findings in fungal / TB meningitis?
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- ↑ opening pressure
- ↑ lymphocytes - ↑ Protein - ↓ Glucose |
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What are the CSF findings in viral meningitis?
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- Nl/↑ opening pressure
- ↑ lymphocytes - Nl/↑ Protein - Nl Glucose |
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What kind of infection is likely if there are increased PMNs in the CSF?
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Bacterial meningitis
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What kind of infection is likely if there are increased lymphocytes in the CSF?
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Either fungal / TB meningitis or viral meningitis
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What kind of infection is likely if there is a normal glucose?
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Viral meningitis
(both bacterial and fungal/TB cause decreased glucose) |
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What is the most common cause of Osteomyelitis?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who is sexually active?
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- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare)
- Septic arthritis more common |
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who is diabetic?
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- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Serratia (Same as IV drug users) |
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who is an IV drug user?
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- Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who has sickle cell disease?
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Salmonella
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who has a prosthetic joint replacement?
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- S. aureus |
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who has vertebral involvement?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott disease)
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who has cat and dog bites?
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Pasteurella multocida
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What should you suspect as the cause of osteomyelitis in a patient who has no other information available?
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Staphylococcus aureus (most common overall)
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When do most cases of Osteomyelitis occur?
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Most in children
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What are the lab tests in a patient with Osteomyelitis?
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Elevated CRP and ESR (but non-specific)
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What does osteomyelitis look like on radiographs? MRI?
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- Radiograph: more subtle (arrow in top picture)
- MRI: more easily seen |
