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141 Cards in this Set

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Which protozoa cause GI infections?

- Giardia lamblia
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Cryptosporidium
Which protozoa cause CNS infections?
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Naegleria fowleri
- Trypanosoma brucei
Which protozoa cause hematologic infections?
- Plasmodium (P. vivax/ovale, P. falciparum, P. malariae)
- Babesia
Which protozoa cause visceral infections?
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Leishmania donovani
Which protozoa cause STDs?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which parasite causes bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers / hikers)? How is it transmitted? Diagnosed? Treated?
Giardia lamblia (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnose by presence of trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Treat with Metronidazole
Giardia lamblia (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnose by presence of trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Treat with Metronidazole
What disease is caused by Giardia lamblia? Symptoms?
Giardiasis
- Bloating
- Flatulence
- Foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea
- Often seen in campers / hikers
(Think fat rich Ghiradelli chocolates for fatty stools of Giardia)
How is Giardia lamblia transmitted? Diagnosed?
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnose by presence of trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnose by presence of trophozoites or cysts in stool
How is Giardia lamblia treated?
Metronidazole
Which parasite causes bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscesses (anchovy paste exudate), RUQ pain (d/t flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)? How is it transmitted? Diagnosed? Treated?
Entamoeba histolytica (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnosed w/ serology and/or trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm (picture) or cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in the stool
- Treat with Metronidazole; iodoquinol for asympto...
Entamoeba histolytica (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnosed w/ serology and/or trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm (picture) or cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in the stool
- Treat with Metronidazole; iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
What disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica? Symptoms?
Amebiasis
- Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
- Liver abscess ("anchovy paste" exudate)
- RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted? Diagnosed?
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnosed w/ serology and/or trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm (arrows) or cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in the stool (circle between arrows)
- Transmitted via cysts in water
- Diagnosed w/ serology and/or trophozoites with RBCs in the cytoplasm (arrows) or cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in the stool (circle between arrows)
How is Entamoeba histolytica treated?
- Metronidazole
- Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
Which parasite causes severe diarrhea in AIDS or mild disease (watery diarrhea) in non-immunocompromised patients? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Cryptosporidium (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via oocysts in water
- Diagnose via oocysts on acid-fast stain
- Treated with nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts
- Primarily focus on prevention by filtering city water supplies
Cryptosporidium (GI protozoa)
- Transmitted via oocysts in water
- Diagnose via oocysts on acid-fast stain
- Treated with nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts
- Primarily focus on prevention by filtering city water supplies
What disease is caused by Cryptosporidium? Symptoms?
- Severe diarrhea in AIDS
- Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in non-immunocompromised
How is Cryptosporidium transmitted? Diagnosed?
- Transmitted via oocysts in water
- Diagnose via oocysts on acid-fast stain
- Transmitted via oocysts in water
- Diagnose via oocysts on acid-fast stain
How is Cryptosporidium treated?
- Treated with nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts
- Primarily focus on prevention by filtering city water supplies
How do the protozoa that cause GI infections present?
- Giardia lamblia: fatty diarrhea, bloating, flatulence
- Entamoeba histolytica: bloody diarrhea, liver abscesses, RUQ pain
- Cryptosporidium: severe diarrhea in AIDS or mild watery diarrhea in healthy
How are the protozoa that cause GI infections transmitted?
- Giardia lamblia: cysts in water
- Entamoeba histolytica: cysts in water
- Cryptosporidium: oocysts in water
How are the protozoa that cause GI infections diagnosed?
- Giardia lamblia: trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Entamoeba histolytica: serology and/or trophozoites (w/ RBCs in cytoplasm) or cysts (with up to 4 nuclei) in stool
- Cryptosporidium: oocysts on acid-fast stain
How are the protozoa that cause GI infections treated?
- Giardia lamblia: Metronidazole
- Entamoeba histolytica: Metronidazole; iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
- Cryptosporidium: prevention (filtering city water) and nitazoxanide in immunocompetent
Which protozoa cause CNS infections?
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Naegleria fowleri
- Trypanosoma brucei
Which parasite causes brain abscesses in HIV patients (ring enhancing brain lesions on CT/MRI)? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)
- Diagnosed via serology and biopsy (tachyzoite - picture)
- Treat with Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
- Transmitted via cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)
- Diagnosed via serology and biopsy (tachyzoite - picture)
- Treat with Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
What is the classic presentation of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection?
Classic Triad
- Chorioretinitis
- Hydrocephalus
- Intracranial calcifications
What is caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection?
Brain abscess in HIV
- Seen as a ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI
How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted via cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)
- Diagnosed via serology and biopsy (tachyzoite - picture)
How is Toxoplasma gondii treated?
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
Which parasite presents as rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Naegleria fowleri (protozoa)
- Transmitted via swimming in freshwater lakes (think Nalgene bottle filled with fresh water containing Naegleria); enters via cribriform plate
- Diagnosed via amoebas in spinal fluid (picture)
- Treat with Amphoter...
Naegleria fowleri (protozoa)
- Transmitted via swimming in freshwater lakes (think Nalgene bottle filled with fresh water containing Naegleria); enters via cribriform plate
- Diagnosed via amoebas in spinal fluid (picture)
- Treat with Amphotericin B (effective for a few survivors)
What kind of disease is caused by Naegleria fowleri infection?
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
How is Naegleria fowleri transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted via swimming in freshwater lakes (think Nalgene bottle filled with fresh water containing Naegleria); enters via cribriform plate
- Diagnosed via amoebas in spinal fluid (picture)
- Transmitted via swimming in freshwater lakes (think Nalgene bottle filled with fresh water containing Naegleria); enters via cribriform plate
- Diagnosed via amoebas in spinal fluid (picture)
How is Naegleria fowleri treated?
Amphotericin B (effective for a few survivors)
Which parasite causes African sleeping sickness - enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somonlence, and coma? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Trypanosoma brucei (protozoa)
- Transmitted via Tsetse fly, a painful bite
- Diagnose via blood smear (picture)
- Treat with SURamin for blood borne disease or MELAsoprol for CNS penetration ("it SURe is nice to go to sleep" - MELAtonin helps w...
Trypanosoma brucei (protozoa)
- Transmitted via Tsetse fly, a painful bite
- Diagnose via blood smear (picture)
- Treat with SURamin for blood borne disease or MELAsoprol for CNS penetration ("it SURe is nice to go to sleep" - MELAtonin helps with sleep)
What are the subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
What does infection with Trypanosoma brucei cause?
African sleeping sickness
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Recurring fever (d/t antigenic variation)
- Somnolence
- Coma
How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted via Tsetse fly, a painful bite
- Diagnose via blood smear (picture)
- Transmitted via Tsetse fly, a painful bite
- Diagnose via blood smear (picture)
How is Trypanosoma brucei treated?
Treat with SURamin for blood borne disease or MELAsoprol for CNS penetration

("it SURe is nice to go to sleep" - MELAtonin helps with sleep)
How do the protozoa that cause CNS infections present?
- Toxoplasma gondii: brain abscess in HIV and congenital disease (chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications)
- Naegleria fowleri: rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
- Trypanosoma brucei: African sleeping sickness
How are the protozoa that cause CNS infections transmitted?
- Toxoplasma gondii: cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces (crosses placenta)
- Naegleria fowleri: swimming in freshwater lakes; enters via cribriform plate
- Trypanosoma brucei: Tsetse fly, painful bite
How are the protozoa that cause CNS infections diagnose?
- Toxoplasma gondii: serology, biopsy (tachyzoite)
- Naegleria fowleri: amoebas in spinal fluid
- Trypanosoma brucei: blood smear
How are the protozoa that cause CNS infections treated?
- Toxoplasma gondii: Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamin
- Naegleria fowleri: Amphotericin B (effective for a few survivors)
- Trypanosoma brucei: Suramin (blood-borne disease) or Melarsoprol (CNS penetration)
Which protozoa cause hematologic infections?
- Plasmodium (P. vivax/ovale, P. falciparum, P. malariae)
- Babesia
Which parasite causes malaria: fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Plasmodium (protozoa)
- Transmitted via mosquitos (Anopheles)
- Diagnosed with blood smear, trophozoite ring form within RBC, schizont containing merozoites
- Treat with Chloroquine (if resistant use Mefloquine or Atovaquone / Proguanil); if life-threatening use IV quinidine (check for G6PD deficiency); for P. vivax / ovale add Primaquine (check for G6PD deficiency)
What are the species of Plasmodium?
- P. vivax / ovale
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae
What are the characteristics of P. vivax / ovale?
- 48 hour cycle (tertian - includes fever on first day and third day)
- Dormant form (hypnozoite) in LIVER

(liver has 5 letters and so do vivax and ovale)
What are the characteristics of P. falciparum?
- Severe
- Irregular fever patterns
- Parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, and lungs
What are the characteristics of P. malariae?
72 hour cycle (quartan)
How is Plasmodium transmitted?
Mosquito (Anopheles)
How do you diagnose Plasmodium infection?
- Blood smear
- Trophozoite ring form within RBC (picture)
- Schizont containing merozoites
- Blood smear
- Trophozoite ring form within RBC (picture)
- Schizont containing merozoites
How do you treat Plasmodium infection?
- Begin with Chloroquine - blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase
- If resistant to Chloroquine, use Mefloquine or Atovaquone / Proguanil
- If life-threatening, use IV Quinidine (test for G6PD deficiency)

- If P. vivax / ovale - add Primquine for Hypnozoite (in liver) and test for G6PD deficiency)
For what drugs for Plasmodium / Malaria infection should you check for G6PD deficiency? When are these drugs used?
- IV Quinidine - for life-threatening cases
- Primaquine - for P. vivax / ovale strains
Which parasite presents with fever and hemolytic anemia, predominantly in NE US? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Babesia
- Transmitted via Ixodes tick
- Diagnosed with blood smear (ring form or Maltese cross) or PCR
- Treat with Atovaquone + Azithromycin
What does Babesia infection cause?
Babesiosis
- Fever
- Hemolytic anemia
- Asplenia increases risk of severe disease
How is Babesia transmitted?
Ixodes tick (same as Borrelia burdorferi of Lyme disease)
- May co-infect humans with both Babesia and Lyme disease
How is Babesia diagnosed?
- Blood smear: ring form (1) and "Maltese cross" (2)
- PCR
- Blood smear: ring form (1) and "Maltese cross" (2)
- PCR
How do you treat Babesia infection?
Atovaquone + Azithromycin
How do the hematologic protozoa differ in their disease presentation?
- Plasmodium: malaria - fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
- Babesia: fever and hemolytic anemia, more severe if asplenic
How do the hematologic protozoa differ in their disease transmission?
- Plasmodium: mosquito (Anopheles)
- Babesia: Ixodes tick (same as Borrelia burgdorferi of Lyme disease, may co-infect)
How do the hematologic protozoa differ in their diagnosis?
- Plasmodium: blood smear, trophozoite ring form within RBC, schizont containing merozoites
- Babesia: blood smear (presence of ring form or Maltese cross) or PCR
How do the hematologic protozoa differ in their treatment
- Plasmodium: Chloroquine (or if resistant: Mefloquine or Atovaquone / Proguanil), +/- Quinidine if life-threatening, +/- Primaquine if Vivax or Ovale
- Babesia: Atovaquone + Azithromycin
Which protozoa cause visceral infections?
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Leishmania donovani
Which protozoa causes Chagas disease - dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoa)
- Transmitted via Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
- Diagnosed via blood smear (picture)
- Treat with Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoa)
- Transmitted via Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
- Diagnosed via blood smear (picture)
- Treat with Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause? Symptoms?
Chagas disease
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Megacolon
- Megaesophagus
- Predominantly in S. America
How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted via Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
- Diagnosed via blood smear (picture)
- Transmitted via Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
- Diagnosed via blood smear (picture)
How is Trypanosoma cruzi treated
Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
Which parasite causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Leishmania donovani (protozoa)
- Transmitted via sandfly
- Diagnose via presence of macrophages containing amastigotes (picture)
- Treat with Amphotericin B and Sodium Stibogluconate
Leishmania donovani (protozoa)
- Transmitted via sandfly
- Diagnose via presence of macrophages containing amastigotes (picture)
- Treat with Amphotericin B and Sodium Stibogluconate
What disease is caused by Leishmania donovani? Symptoms?
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)
- Spiking fevers
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Pancytopenia
How is Leishmania donovani transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted via sandfly
- Diagnose via presence of macrophages containing amastigotes (picture)
- Transmitted via sandfly
- Diagnose via presence of macrophages containing amastigotes (picture)
How is Leishmania donovani treated?
Amphotericin B and Sodium Stibo
How do the visceral protozoa present?
- Trypanosoma cruzi: Chagas disease (dilated CM, megacolon, megaesophagus)
- Leishmania donovani: visceral leishmaniasis (spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia)
How are the visceral protozoa transmitted?
- Trypanosoma cruzi: Reduviid bug (kissing bug) feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss)
- Leishmania donovani: Sandfly
How are the visceral protozoa diagnosed?
- Trypanosoma cruzi: blood smear
- Leishmania donovani: macrophages containing amastigotes
How are the visceral protozoa treated?
- Trypanosoma cruzi: Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
- Leishmania donovani: Amphotericin B and Sodium Stibogluconate
Which protozoa cause STDs?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which parasite presents as vaginitis with foul-smelling greenish discharge, itching and burning and causes the cervix to look like a strawberry? Transmission? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Trichomonas vaginalis
- Transmitted sexually (doesn't exist outside human because it can't form cysts)
- Diagnosed via presence of trophozoites (motile - picture) on wet mount; "strawberry cervix"
- Treat with Metronidazole for patient and part...
Trichomonas vaginalis
- Transmitted sexually (doesn't exist outside human because it can't form cysts)
- Diagnosed via presence of trophozoites (motile - picture) on wet mount; "strawberry cervix"
- Treat with Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)
How do you distinguish Trichomonas vaginalis from Gardnerella vaginalis?
- Trichomonas vaginalis: protozoa / parasite
- Gardnerella vaginalis: gram-variable bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis
How does Trichomonas vaginalis present?
Vaginitis
- Foul-smelling, greenish discharge
- Itching and burning
How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted and diagnosed?
- Transmitted sexually (doesn't exist outside human because it can't form cysts)
- Diagnosed via presence of trophozoites (motile - picture) on wet mount; "strawberry cervix"
- Transmitted sexually (doesn't exist outside human because it can't form cysts)
- Diagnosed via presence of trophozoites (motile - picture) on wet mount; "strawberry cervix"
How is Trichomonas vaginalis treated?
Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)
What are the types of intestinal nematodes (roundworms)?
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms)
What are the types of tissue nematodes (roundworms)?
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Loa loa
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Toxocara canis
Which parasite causes intestinal infection causing anal pruritus and is diagnosed by the Scotch Tape test? Transmission? Treatment?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm / nematode)
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Treat with Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate (because worms are bendy)
What kind of parasite is Enterobius vermicularis? How is it transmitted?
- Pinworm - nematode / roundworm
- Transmitted via fecal-oral route
What symptoms are caused by Enterobius vermicularis? How is it treated?
- Intestinal infection causing anal pruritus (diagnosed via Scotch Tape test)
- Treat with Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate (because worms are bendy)
Which parasite causes intestinal infection and the eggs are visible in feces under a microscope? Transmission? Treatment?
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm - nematode)
- Fecal-oral transmission
- Treat with Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
What kind of parasite is Ascaris lumbricoides? How is it transmitted?
- Giant roundworm - nematode
- Transmitted via fecal-oral route (eggs are visible in feces under the microscope)
What symptoms are caused by Ascaris lumbricoides? How is it treated?
- Intestinal infection
- Treat with bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
Which parasite causes an intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, and epigastric pain that may mimic the feeling of a peptic ulcer)? Transmission? Treatment?
Strongyloides stercoralis (nematode)
- Larvae in soil penetrate the skin
- Treat with Ivermectin or Albendazole
What kind of parasite is Strongyloides stercoralis? How is it transmitted?
- Nematode (roundworm)
- Larvae in soil penetrate the skin
What symptoms does Strongyloides stercoralis cause? Treatment?
- Intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may be peptic-ulcer like)
- Treat with Ivermectin or Albendazole
Which parasite causes intestinal infection that leads to anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls? Transmission? Treatment?
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
- Larvae penetrate the skin
- Treat with Bendazoles or Pyrantel Pamoate
How are the different intestinal nematodes (roundworms) transmitted?
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm): fecal-oral
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm): fecal-oral (eggs visible in feces under microscope)
- Strongyloides stercoralis: larvae in soil penetrate skin
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms): larvae penetrate skin
How do the intestinal nematodes (roundworms) differ in presentation?
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm): anal pruritus (diagnosed via Scotch Tape test)
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm): intestinal infection
- Strongyloides stercoralis: vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may be peptic-ulcer like)
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms): intestinal infection causes anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls
How do the intestinal nematodes (roundworms) differ in treatment?
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm): Bendazoles or Pyrantel Pamoate
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm): Bendazoles or Pyrantel Pamoate
- Strongyloides stercoralis: Ivermectin or Albendazole
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworms): Bendazoles or Pyrantel Pamoate
What are the types of tissue nematodes (roundworms)?
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Loa loa
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Toxocara canis
Which parasite causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness? Transmission? Treatment
Onchocerca volvulus (nematode / roundworm)
- Black flies, black skin nodules, "black sight"
- Allergic reaction to microfilaria possible
- Transmitted via female blackfly bite
- Treat with IVERmectin (for rIVER blindness)
What kind of parasite is Onchocerca volvulus? How is it transmitted?
- Nematode (roundworm)
- Transmitted via female blackfly bite
What symptoms does Onchocerca volvulus cause? How do you treat it?
- Hyperpigmented skin and river blindness
- Allergic reaction to microfilaria possible
("black flies, black skin nodules, and black sight")
- Treat with Ivermectin (IVERmectin for rIVER blindness)
Which parasite causes swelling in the skin and the worm can be visualized in the conjunctiva? Transmission? Treatment?
Loa loa (nematode / roundworm)
- Transmitted via deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly
- Treat with Diethylcarbamazine
What kind of parasite is Loa loa? How is it transmitted?
- Nematode / roundworm
- Transmitted via deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly
What symptoms does Loa loa cause? Treatment?
- Swelling in skin
- Worm can be visualized in the conjunctiva
- Treat with Diethylcarbamazine
Which parasite blocks lymphatic vessels leading to elephantiasis 9 months to 1 year after bite? Transmission? Treatment?
Wuchereria bancrofti (nematode / roundworm)
- Transmitted via female mosquito
- Treat with Diethylcarbamazine
What type of parasite is Wuchereria bancrofti? How is it transmitted?
- Nematode / roundworm
- Transmitted via female mosquito
What symptoms does Wuchereria bancrofti cause? Treatment?
- Blocks lymphatic vessels → elephantitis
- Takes 9 months to 1 year after bite from female mosquito to become symptomatic
- Treat with Diethylcarbamazine
Which parasite causes visceral larva migrans? Transmission? Treatment?
Toxocara canis (nematode / roundworm)
- Transmitted via fecal-oral route
- Treated with Albendazole or Mebendazole
What kind of parasite is Toxocara canis? How is it transmitted?
- Nematode / roundworm
- Transmitted via fecal-oral route
What symptoms does Toxocara canis cause? Treatment?
- Visceral larva migrans
- Treat with Albendazole or Mebendazole
How are the tissue nematodes / roundworms transmitted?
- Onchocerca volvulus: female blackfly bite
- Loa loa: deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
- Wuchereria bancrofti: female mosquito
- Toxocara canis: fecal-oral
What symptoms do the tissue nematodes / roundworms cause?
- Onchocerca volvulus: hyperpigmented skin and river blindness, allergic reaction to microfilaria possible
- Loa loa: swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva
- Wuchereria bancrofti: blocks lymphatic vessels - elephantitis (takes 9mo-1yr to become symptomatic)
- Toxocara canis: visceral larva migrans
How are the tissue nematodes / roundworms treated?
- Onchocerca volvulus: Ivermectin (for rIVER blindness)
- Loa loa: Diethylcarbamazine
- Wuchereria bancrofti: Diethylcarbamazine
- Toxocara canis: Albendazole or Mebendazole
Which nematodes are ingested?
You'll get sick if you EAT these!
- Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
- Toxocara canis
Which nematodes are acquired through a cutaneous route?
These get into your feet from the SANd?
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
- Necator americanus (hookworm)
Which nematodes are acquired via a bite?
Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten
- Loa loa
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Wuchereria bancrofti
What are the cestodes (tapeworms)?
- Taenia solium
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- Echinococcus granulosus
Which parasite causes cysticercosis (cysts in skin) and neurocysticercosis (cysts in brain) after ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork? Disease? Transmission? Treatment?
Taenia solium (cestodes / tapeworms)
- Intestinal infection treated with Praziquantel
- Cysticercosis treated with Praziquantel
- Neurocysticercosis treated with Albendazole
- Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingestion of eggs
What kind of parasite is Taenia solium? How is it transmitted?
- Cestode (tapeworm)
- Transmitted via ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or by ingestion of eggs
What diseases are caused by Taenia solium? How are they treated?
- Intestinal infection treated with Praziquantel
- Cysticercosis (cysts in skin) treated with Praziquantel
- Neurocysticercosis (cysts in brain) treated with Albendazole
Which parasite causes a vitamin B12 deficiency by competing for B12 in the intestine, leading to anemia? Transmission? Treatment?
Diphyllobothrium latum (cestode / tapeworm)
- Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish
- Treated with Praziquantel
What kind of parasite is Diphyllobothrium latum? How is it transmitted?
- Cestode / tapeworm
- Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish
What disease does Diphyllobothrium latum cause? How is it treated?
- Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine), which causes anemia
- Treat with Praziquantel
Which parasite causes hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens are release? Transmission? Treatment?
Echinococcus granulosus (cestode / tapeworm)
- Ingestion of eggs from dog feces
- Surgeons must pre-inject hydatid cysts in liver with ethanol to kill cysts before removal
- Or treat with Albendazole
How are the Cestodes (Tapeworms) transmitted?
- Taenia solium: ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork or ingestion of eggs
- Diphyllobothrium latum: ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish
- Echinococcus granulosus: ingestion of eggs from dog feces
What diseases do the Cestodes (Tapeworms) cause?
- Taenia solium: intestinal infection and cysticercosis and/or neurocysticercosis
- Diphyllobothrium latum: vitamin B12 deficiency, causing anemia
- Echinococcus granulosus: hydatid cysts in liver, can cause anaphylaxis if antigens released
How are the Cestodes (Tapeworms) treated?
- Taenia solium: Praziquantel and Albendazole for Neurocysticercosis
- Diphyllobothrium latum: Praziquantel
- Echinococcus granulosus: Albendazole
What are the Trematodes (flukes)?
- Schistosoma
- Clonorchis senensis
Which parasite causes liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation or if chronic, can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (painless hematuria)? Transmission? Treatment?
Schistosoma (trematode / fluke)
- Snails are hosts, cercariae penetrate skin of humans
- Treat with Praziquantel
What kind of parasite is Schistosoma? How is it transmitted?
- Trematode (fluke)
- Snails are the host, cercariae (free-swimming larval stage) penetrate skin of humans
What kind of disease does Schistosoma cause? Treatment?
- Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation
- Chronic infection with S. haematobium can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of bladder (painless hematuria)
- Treat with Praziquantel
Which parasite causes biliary tract inflammation and pigmented gallstones and is associated with cholangiocarcinoma? Transmission? Treatment?
Clonorchis sinensis (trematode / fluke)
- Transmitted via undercooked fish
- Treat with Praziquantel
What kind of parasite is Clonorchis sinensis? How is it transmitted?
- Trematode / fluke
- Transmitted via undercooked fish
What disease does Clonorchis sinensis cause? Treatment?
- Biliary tract inflammation, which can lead to pigmented gallstones
- Associated with cholangiocarcinoma
- Treat with Praziquantel
How are the trematodes / flukes transmitted?
- Schistosoma: snails are host, cercariae penetrate skin of humans
- Clonorchis senensis: undercooked fish
What diseases do the trematodes / flukes cause?
- Schistosoma: liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation; chronic infection associated with squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
- Clonorchis senensis: biliary tract inflammation can lead to pigmented gallstones; associated with cholangiocarcinoma
How are the trematodes / flukes treated?
- Schistosoma: Praziquantel
- Clonorchis senensis: Praziquantel
Which parasite should you associate with biliary tract disease and cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis - trematode / fluke
Which parasite should you associate with brain cysts and seizures?
Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis) - cestode / tapeworm
Which parasite should you associate with hematuria and bladder cancer?
Schistosoma haematobium - trematode / fluke
Which parasite should you associate with liver (hydatid cysts)?
Echinococcus granulosus - cestode / tapeworm
Which parasite should you associate with microcytic anemia?
Nematodes / roundworms:
- Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
- Necator americanus (hookworm)
Which parasite should you associate with perianal pruritus?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) - nematode / roundworm
Which parasite should you associate with portal hypertension?
Trematodes / flukes (cause liver granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation)
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma japonicum
Which parasite should you associate with vitamin B12 deficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum - cestode / tapeworm