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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Challenge of treating food animals
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-relatively few approved drugs
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What does a lack of approved drugs mean for food animal medicine?
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-need to use drugs extralabel
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AMDUCA
-define -purpose |
Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
-legalize extralabel drug use in veterinary medicine and place constraints on extralabel drug use |
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Differences in the veterinarian-client-patient relationship between companion animals and food animals
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-herds
-producers not always on site -long distances to travel |
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3 main points of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship with concern to ELDU
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Responsibility: veterinarian has the responsibility of making medical judgements regarding animal health and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to the vets instructions
Knowledge: enough knowledge of the animals by the vet to initiate a preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition Follow-up: vet is readily available for follow-up in case of an adverse reaction of failure of regimen |
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Reasons for medical treatment
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-treatment of disease (individual, metaphylaxis, prophylaxis)
-disease mitigation -alleviation of pain -production enhancement -management |
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Reasons for medical treatment that don't allow for ELDU
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-production enhancement
-management |
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Metaphylaxis
-define |
-disease is present and you want to keep it from spreading
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Prophylaxis
-define |
-prevent the disease from entering the herd in the first place
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Drugs prohibited from extralabel use in food producing animals
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-chloramphenicol
-clenbuterol -dipyrone -diethylstilbestrol -nitrofurans & nitroimidazoles -glycopeptides |
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Chloramphenicol
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-causes aplastic anemia which is fatal
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Clenbuterol
-use |
-partitions calories toward muscle and not fat
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Clenbuterol
-reason why it can't be used extralabel |
-sympathomimetic effects
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Dipyrone
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-non-dose dependent teratogenic effects
-blood dyscrasias |
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Diethylstilboestrol
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in women exposed as fetuses
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Nitrofurans and Nitroimidazoles
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-potential carcinogen via DNA interaction
-lack of a reliable way to detect nitrofurans |
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Glycopeptides
-reason why can't be used extralabel |
-antimicrobial resistance
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Drugs prohibited from use in poultry, chickens, ducks
-why |
--amantadine
-neuraminidase inhibitors these are antiviral drugs that are used for treating and preventing influenza A. do not want resistance to develop |
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Drug prohibited in lactating dairy cow
-why |
Sulfonamides (except sulfadimethoxine)
-residues detected in a large number of commercial milk sample and lab testing has shown carcinogenic effects |
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Drugs prohibited from use in female cattle 20 months of age or older
-why |
Phenylbutazone
-blood dyscrasias -carcinogen -serum-sickness-type hypersensitivity |
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Drugs prohibited in food animals except for approved uses
-why |
-Fluoroquinolones
-Cephalosporins antimicrobial resistance |
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Aminoglycoside use in food animals
-explain |
-not prohibited from use but discouraged because it has a very long half-life in the kidneys
-withdrawal time: up to 18 mo. |
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Drugs that can't be found near a dairy due to the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
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-DMSO
-Colloidal silver FDA not involved |
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Why is pain management difficult to achieve in food producing animals?
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-few approved drugs (ELDU necessary)
-large volumes needed ($$$) |
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Objectives of therapeutic pain management
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-pre-emptive control of induced pain
-emergency management of severe, acute pain -management of chronic pain -management of pain due to inflammation |
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Possible routes of administration
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-Parenteral (IV, IM, SC)
-Oral -Local -Intra-articular -Epidural |
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Why is route of administration important?
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-who's going to give the drug
-what skills do they have -what is the practicality of giving the drugs |
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Drugs available for therapeutic treatment of pain
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NSAIDs
-aspirin* -flunixin meglumine* -ketoprofen -phenylbutazone Narcotic analgesics -morphine -meperidine -buprenorphine -butorphanol Alpha2-agonists -xylazine -medetomidine Local anesthetics Tranquilizers General Anesthetics |
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When to use NSAIDs in treating pain therapeutically
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-Pre-emptive analgesia (ex: castration)
-pain from inflammation (ex: mastitis, osteoarthritis) |
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Aspirin
-formulation available for use |
-only oral
-injectables have to be compounded |
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Aspirin
-whithdrawal time |
-Zero
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Aspirin
-efficacy |
-possibly not effective for severe pain
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Aspirin
-half-life |
-short (< 1 hr)
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Flunixin meglumine
-good to use for what pain |
-visceral pain
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Flunixin meglumin
-problem with IM injection |
-extralabel
-tissue damage -prolonged absorption -violative residues |
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Phenylbutazone
-good for what kind of pain |
-musculoskeletal pain
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Phenylbutazone
-pharmacokinetics |
-prolonged half-life
-low clearance in neonatal animals -crosses blood-placental barrier |
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Phenylbutazone
-illegal for use where |
-in lactating dairy cattle
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Cox-2 specific inhibitors
-example drugs |
-carprofen
-etodolac |
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Cox-2 specific inhibitors
-problem |
-something specific for cox-2 in one species may not be specific for cox-2 in another species
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Narcotic analgesics for food animals
-drugs -route of administration |
-morphine (epidural)
-butorphanol (parenteral) -meperidine (parenteral) -buprenorphine (parenteral) |
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Narcotic analgesics
-problems with use in food animals |
-rumen stasis
-limited availability (scheduled) |
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Alpha-2 agonists
-use in food animals |
-epidural: inhibits norepinephrine but does not interfere with motor neuron activity, providing analgesia without sedation. (good for standing procedures)
-parenteral: sedation |
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Alpha-2 agonists
-advantage for use in food animals |
-reversible
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Alpha-2 agonist
-drug |
xylazine
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xylazine
-side-effects |
-cardiac instability
-prolonged recumbency (lead to downer cow) -rumen stasis -stress to unborn calves (oxytotic) -ruminants are very susceptible to small doses |
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Considerations when choosing to use drugs extralabel in food animals
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-therapeutic objectives
-economic considerations -ease of administration -potential for violative residues |
