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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is urolithiasis more common in males or females?
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Males > females
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is urolithiasis more common in castrated males or intact males?
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castrated
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what are common areas of obstruction in FA?
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sigmoid flexure
distal penile urethra urethral process (small ruminants) |
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what are the types of calculi? (4)
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struvite
calcium carbonate silicate oxalate |
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regarding stones, which ones are:
most common least common best prognosis worst prognosis dissolve in acidic environment |
most common= struvite
least common= oxalate best prognosis= struvite worst prognosis= ca carbonate and silicate dissolve in acidic environment= struvite |
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which calculi are:
caused by grazing sandy soils visible on rads associated with concentrated feed associated with poor roughage diets |
sandy soils=silicate
visible on rads=ca carbonate associated with concentrated feed=struvite associated with poor roughage diets= silicate |
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cx of urinary calculi
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straining to urinate
inappetance hematuria cyrstal formation on preputial hari large fluctuant swelling on ventrum (urethral rupture) excessive abdominal fluid (bladder rupture) |
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dx of urinary calculi
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rads
U/S abdominocentesis |
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T or F
medical treatment of obstruction is very rewarding |
FALSE!
It's totally unrewarding |
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what does surgical tx aim to do in urinary calculi issues?
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relieve the obstruction
bypass the obstruction |
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what are you going to recommend to your client after sx regarding prevention of it happening again:
for struvite? for silicate? for ca carbonate? |
struvite= no alfalfa, no concentrates
silicates= test hay/ water ca carbonate= decrease Ca intake |
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what can you use to acidify urine?
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ammonium chloride
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how can you increase water intake
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add NaCl to feed
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what are sx procedures you can perform for urolithiasis in FA? (9)
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1) urethral process amputation (small ruminants)
2) penile amputation (usually bovines) 3) perineal urethrostomy 4) ischial urethrostomy 5) ischial urethrotomy 6) targeted urethrotomy 7) cystotomy 8) tube cystostomy 9) bladder marsupalization |
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choice of sx procedure if:
animal to be culled soon? breeding ability to be retained? financial restrictions? calculi present in the bladder? |
animal to be culled soon= perineal urethrostomy, penile amputation
breeding ability to be retained=tube cystostomy financial restrictions= marsupilization (cheaper than tube cystostomy) calculi present in bladder= cystotomy |
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choice of sx procedure if:
obstruction only at urethral process? Ca carbonate uroliths seen of rads? struvite caculi suspected? bladder rupture present? urethral rupture present? |
obstruction only at urethral process=amputation of process
Ca carbonate uroliths seen on rads=tube cystotomy and likely urethrotomy later struvite calculi suspected= tube cystostomy bladder rupture present= cystotomy urethral rupture present= bladder marsupialization |
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what procedure would you perform if you had a small ruminant, it was it's first sx for stones and they didn't have a bladder or urethral rupture?
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urethral process amputation
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is fertility influenced with a urethral process amputation?
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no
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Should you pretty much always do a urethral process amputation if you are doing other pocedures in small ruminants?
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yes
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what type of procedure is a urethrostomy? why?
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slavage because stricture will occur within weeks to months
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what might you want to remove if you do a urethrostomy?
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retractor penis muscles
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what is a urethrotomy?
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method used to remove stones from urethra
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what are the two types of urethrotomy?
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targeted and ischial
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what is the prognosis for breeding soundness in a urethrotomy?
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guarded to poor
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in a tube cystostomy, what type of catheter do you place in the bladder? where does it exit? and what does it bypass?
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use a foley catheter
exit through the ventral abdomen bypass urethra |
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when do you want to remove the catheter in a tube cystostomy?
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after 10-14 days of patency is re-established
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what do you do in a bladder marsupialization procedure?
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create a permanent stroma between bladder and ventral body wall
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will strictures develop with bladder marsupialization?
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yes but it takes year
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what is the regular care you have to do with a bladder marsupialization?
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clip hair on ventral abdomen
apply vaseline |
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what is the general post-op management of all urogenital sx's?
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abx for 3-5-14 days
judicial use of NSAIDs opioids for pain control (other than cattle) sexual rest for 2-6 weeks observe for reoccurrence of obstruction |
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what breeds of cattle are prone to preputial prolapse and laceration? why?
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polled english breeds (angus, hereford, shorthorn) due to lack of retractor preputii muscles
bos indicus breeds/mixes (brahma, beefmaster, zebu) due to excessively pendulous prepuce |
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what is the etiology of preputial prolapse and laceration?
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trauma to prolapsed preputial tissues
edema ensues prolapse may enlarge vicious cycle possible |
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what is are conservative treatment management options for preputial prolapse and laceration?
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abx
hydroptherapy local wound lavage lanolin ointment pressure wrap or purse string suture in prepuce with urine tab |
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what is important with conservative tx and preputial prolapse and laceration and why?
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PATIENCE is important because it takes 60-90 days for complete recovery!
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what are you going to do if conservative tx of a preputial prolapse and laceration doesn't work?
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circumcision
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what procedure would you perform with a severe preputial prolapse?
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preputial amputation
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what procedure would you use to enlarge the preputial lumen?
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"plasty" procedure
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what can be caused secondary to preputial laceration or penile hematoma?
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preputial abscess
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tx of a preputial abscess
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drain abscess INTO PREPUTIAL CAVITY
abx hydrotherapy flush preputial cavity with antiseptics |
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what is the prognosis of breeding soundness with a preputial abscess? Why?
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guarded to poor due to adhesion formation resulting in paraphimosis is common
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what is a common penile condition in cattle?
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penile hematoma
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in a penile hematoma, you have a rupture of __________ into ________________ penis.
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tunica albuginea into corpus cavernosum penis
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Choose the correct word: a penile hematoma usually occurs as a (transverse or longitudinal) tear on (dorsum or ventrum) at the (distal or proximal) bend of the sigmoid flexure, opposite the retractor penis muscle.
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transverse; dorsum; distal
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what are the cx for penile hematoma?
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large firm swelling cranial to scrotum
swelling around penis paraphimosis preputial prolapse |
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how do you dx a penile hematoma?
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cx
paracentesis (clotted blood) |
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what are you ddx for a penile hematoma?
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preputial abscess
urethral rupture and cellulitis hernia |
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what is the conservative tx for a penile hematoma?
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hydrotherapy BID
abx 90 days sexual rest |
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is recurrence of a penile hematoma high or low?
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high
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when can you do conservative treatment of a penile hematoma? (how old can the injury be)
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injury >14 days old
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Surgical treatment of a penile hematoma has the best prognosis if done within ________ days of injury.
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3-5
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what are post op complications of a penile hematoma sx? (5)
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1) hematoma
2) abscess 3) adhesions 4) venous shunting 5) dorsal nerve injury |
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is a persistent frenulum hereditary?
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yes
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what breeds are persistent frenulums common in?
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shorthorn, angus bulls and boars
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what is a persistent frunulum?
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fibrous band between penis and prepuce at median raphe
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what will the penis look like if you have a persistent frenulum?
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bent at the tip
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tx for persistent frenulum
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excise frenulum
control bleeding |
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what is the most common penile tumor of bulls?
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fibropapillomas
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what age do you usually see fibropapillomas in bulls?
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1-2 yrs of age
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etiology of fibropapillomas
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BPV
spread by direct contace |
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cx of fibropap
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wart-like masses on penis and prepuce
usually pedunculated |
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tx of fibropap
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sx excision
sexual rest for 1 month |
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what are some complications of castration in FA?
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hydrocele
hemorrhage infxn |
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what are some other methods of castration in ruminants other than sx?
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emasculatome (crushes vasculature without breaking skin)
elastrator (bands) henderson castrating tool (I have no idea. There was no description of what this is) |
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what is an incredibly terrible way to castrate young adorable amazing cuddly piglets?
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hold them by their hindlegs
twist and tack if inguinal herniation |
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can you do standing or recumbent castration on camelids?
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yes
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how much lidocaine per testicle should you use in camelids for castration?
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10 mL/ testicle
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in castrating camelids- where is the scrotum located? how do you close your sites?
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scrotum is close to body in perineal area
close by second intention or primary closure |
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in a cryptorchid cattle, where are you going to make your incision for castration? and what location(s) is(are) most common for crypts in cattle?
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incision over testicle or flank incision
SQ or inguinal (abdominal less common) |