Fa Male Urogenital Sx

Front 1

is urolithiasis more common in males or females?

Back 1

Males > females

Front 2

is urolithiasis more common in castrated males or intact males?

Back 2

castrated

Front 3

what are common areas of obstruction in FA?

Back 3

sigmoid flexure
distal penile urethra
urethral process (small ruminants)

Front 4

what are the types of calculi? (4)

Back 4

struvite
calcium carbonate
silicate
oxalate

Front 5

regarding stones, which ones are:
most common
least common
best prognosis
worst prognosis
dissolve in acidic environment

Back 5

most common= struvite
least common= oxalate
best prognosis= struvite
worst prognosis= ca carbonate and silicate
dissolve in acidic environment= struvite

Front 6

which calculi are:
caused by grazing sandy soils
visible on rads
associated with concentrated feed
associated with poor roughage diets

Back 6

sandy soils=silicate
visible on rads=ca carbonate
associated with concentrated feed=struvite
associated with poor roughage diets= silicate

Front 7

cx of urinary calculi

Back 7

straining to urinate
inappetance
hematuria
cyrstal formation on preputial hari
large fluctuant swelling on ventrum (urethral rupture)
excessive abdominal fluid (bladder rupture)

Front 8

dx of urinary calculi

Back 8

rads
U/S
abdominocentesis

Front 9

T or F
medical treatment of obstruction is very rewarding

Back 9

FALSE!
It's totally unrewarding

Front 10

what does surgical tx aim to do in urinary calculi issues?

Back 10

relieve the obstruction
bypass the obstruction

Front 11

what are you going to recommend to your client after sx regarding prevention of it happening again:
for struvite?
for silicate?
for ca carbonate?

Back 11

struvite= no alfalfa, no concentrates
silicates= test hay/ water
ca carbonate= decrease Ca intake

Front 12

what can you use to acidify urine?

Back 12

ammonium chloride

Front 13

how can you increase water intake

Back 13

add NaCl to feed

Front 14

what are sx procedures you can perform for urolithiasis in FA? (9)

Back 14

1) urethral process amputation (small ruminants)
2) penile amputation (usually bovines)
3) perineal urethrostomy
4) ischial urethrostomy
5) ischial urethrotomy
6) targeted urethrotomy
7) cystotomy
8) tube cystostomy
9) bladder marsupalization

Front 15

choice of sx procedure if:
animal to be culled soon?
breeding ability to be retained?
financial restrictions?
calculi present in the bladder?

Back 15

animal to be culled soon= perineal urethrostomy, penile amputation
breeding ability to be retained=tube cystostomy
financial restrictions= marsupilization (cheaper than tube cystostomy)
calculi present in bladder= cystotomy

Front 16

choice of sx procedure if:
obstruction only at urethral process?
Ca carbonate uroliths seen of rads?
struvite caculi suspected?
bladder rupture present?
urethral rupture present?

Back 16

obstruction only at urethral process=amputation of process
Ca carbonate uroliths seen on rads=tube cystotomy and likely urethrotomy later
struvite calculi suspected= tube cystostomy
bladder rupture present= cystotomy
urethral rupture present= bladder marsupialization

Front 17

what procedure would you perform if you had a small ruminant, it was it's first sx for stones and they didn't have a bladder or urethral rupture?

Back 17

urethral process amputation

Front 18

is fertility influenced with a urethral process amputation?

Back 18

no

Front 19

Should you pretty much always do a urethral process amputation if you are doing other pocedures in small ruminants?

Back 19

yes

Front 20

what type of procedure is a urethrostomy? why?

Back 20

slavage because stricture will occur within weeks to months

Front 21

what might you want to remove if you do a urethrostomy?

Back 21

retractor penis muscles

Front 22

what is a urethrotomy?

Back 22

method used to remove stones from urethra

Front 23

what are the two types of urethrotomy?

Back 23

targeted and ischial

Front 24

what is the prognosis for breeding soundness in a urethrotomy?

Back 24

guarded to poor

Front 25

in a tube cystostomy, what type of catheter do you place in the bladder? where does it exit? and what does it bypass?

Back 25

use a foley catheter
exit through the ventral abdomen
bypass urethra

Front 26

when do you want to remove the catheter in a tube cystostomy?

Back 26

after 10-14 days of patency is re-established

Front 27

what do you do in a bladder marsupialization procedure?

Back 27

create a permanent stroma between bladder and ventral body wall

Front 28

will strictures develop with bladder marsupialization?

Back 28

yes but it takes year

Front 29

what is the regular care you have to do with a bladder marsupialization?

Back 29

clip hair on ventral abdomen
apply vaseline

Front 30

what is the general post-op management of all urogenital sx's?

Back 30

abx for 3-5-14 days
judicial use of NSAIDs
opioids for pain control (other than cattle)
sexual rest for 2-6 weeks
observe for reoccurrence of obstruction

Front 31

what breeds of cattle are prone to preputial prolapse and laceration? why?

Back 31

polled english breeds (angus, hereford, shorthorn) due to lack of retractor preputii muscles
bos indicus breeds/mixes (brahma, beefmaster, zebu) due to excessively pendulous prepuce

Front 32

what is the etiology of preputial prolapse and laceration?

Back 32

trauma to prolapsed preputial tissues
edema ensues
prolapse may enlarge
vicious cycle possible

Front 33

what is are conservative treatment management options for preputial prolapse and laceration?

Back 33

abx
hydroptherapy
local wound lavage
lanolin ointment
pressure wrap or purse string suture in prepuce with urine tab

Front 34

what is important with conservative tx and preputial prolapse and laceration and why?

Back 34

PATIENCE is important because it takes 60-90 days for complete recovery!

Front 35

what are you going to do if conservative tx of a preputial prolapse and laceration doesn't work?

Back 35

circumcision

Front 36

what procedure would you perform with a severe preputial prolapse?

Back 36

preputial amputation

Front 37

what procedure would you use to enlarge the preputial lumen?

Back 37

"plasty" procedure

Front 38

what can be caused secondary to preputial laceration or penile hematoma?

Back 38

preputial abscess

Front 39

tx of a preputial abscess

Back 39

drain abscess INTO PREPUTIAL CAVITY
abx
hydrotherapy
flush preputial cavity with antiseptics

Front 40

what is the prognosis of breeding soundness with a preputial abscess? Why?

Back 40

guarded to poor due to adhesion formation resulting in paraphimosis is common

Front 41

what is a common penile condition in cattle?

Back 41

penile hematoma

Front 42

in a penile hematoma, you have a rupture of __________ into ________________ penis.

Back 42

tunica albuginea into corpus cavernosum penis

Front 43

Choose the correct word: a penile hematoma usually occurs as a (transverse or longitudinal) tear on (dorsum or ventrum) at the (distal or proximal) bend of the sigmoid flexure, opposite the retractor penis muscle.

Back 43

transverse; dorsum; distal

Front 44

what are the cx for penile hematoma?

Back 44

large firm swelling cranial to scrotum
swelling around penis
paraphimosis
preputial prolapse

Front 45

how do you dx a penile hematoma?

Back 45

cx
paracentesis (clotted blood)

Front 46

what are you ddx for a penile hematoma?

Back 46

preputial abscess
urethral rupture and cellulitis
hernia

Front 47

what is the conservative tx for a penile hematoma?

Back 47

hydrotherapy BID
abx
90 days sexual rest

Front 48

is recurrence of a penile hematoma high or low?

Back 48

high

Front 49

when can you do conservative treatment of a penile hematoma? (how old can the injury be)

Back 49

injury >14 days old

Front 50

Surgical treatment of a penile hematoma has the best prognosis if done within ________ days of injury.

Back 50

3-5

Front 51

what are post op complications of a penile hematoma sx? (5)

Back 51

1) hematoma
2) abscess
3) adhesions
4) venous shunting
5) dorsal nerve injury

Front 52

is a persistent frenulum hereditary?

Back 52

yes

Front 53

what breeds are persistent frenulums common in?

Back 53

shorthorn, angus bulls and boars

Front 54

what is a persistent frunulum?

Back 54

fibrous band between penis and prepuce at median raphe

Front 55

what will the penis look like if you have a persistent frenulum?

Back 55

bent at the tip

Front 56

tx for persistent frenulum

Back 56

excise frenulum
control bleeding

Front 57

what is the most common penile tumor of bulls?

Back 57

fibropapillomas

Front 58

what age do you usually see fibropapillomas in bulls?

Back 58

1-2 yrs of age

Front 59

etiology of fibropapillomas

Back 59

BPV
spread by direct contace

Front 60

cx of fibropap

Back 60

wart-like masses on penis and prepuce
usually pedunculated

Front 61

tx of fibropap

Back 61

sx excision
sexual rest for 1 month

Front 62

what are some complications of castration in FA?

Back 62

hydrocele
hemorrhage
infxn

Front 63

what are some other methods of castration in ruminants other than sx?

Back 63

emasculatome (crushes vasculature without breaking skin)
elastrator (bands)
henderson castrating tool (I have no idea. There was no description of what this is)

Front 64

what is an incredibly terrible way to castrate young adorable amazing cuddly piglets?

Back 64

hold them by their hindlegs
twist and tack if inguinal herniation

Front 65

can you do standing or recumbent castration on camelids?

Back 65

yes

Front 66

how much lidocaine per testicle should you use in camelids for castration?

Back 66

10 mL/ testicle

Front 67

in castrating camelids- where is the scrotum located? how do you close your sites?

Back 67

scrotum is close to body in perineal area
close by second intention or primary closure

Front 68

in a cryptorchid cattle, where are you going to make your incision for castration? and what location(s) is(are) most common for crypts in cattle?

Back 68

incision over testicle or flank incision
SQ or inguinal (abdominal less common)