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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene for patterning along AP axis?
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Sonic Hedgehog gene
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Gene needed for proper organization along Dorsal-Ventral Axis?
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Wnt-7 gene
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gene for lengthening of limbs?
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FGF gene
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Gene for segmental organization of embryo in Craniocaudal direction?
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Homeobox Gene
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When is there fetal movement and the fetus starts to resemble a baby?
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week 8
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When do fetus genitalia have male/female characteristics?
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Week 10
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Day 2- group of cells is called?
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Zygote
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Day 3- group of cells is called?
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Morula
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Day 5 group of cells is called?
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Blastocyst
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On what day does the blastocyst implant?
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Day 6
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Neural Plate gives rise to ________and _________.
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Neural Tube
Neural Crest Cells |
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Notochord becomes ______________in adults.
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Nucleus Propulsus of SC
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When is the bilaminar disk formed?
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Week 2
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When is Gastrulation?
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Week 3----3 germ layers= ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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What develops during the 4th week?
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4 heart chambers
4 limb buds |
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When does the Primitive streak begin to form?
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Week 3
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When does the Notochord and Neural Plate begin to form?
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Week 3
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Embro deriv. of Adenohypophysis?
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Surface Ectoderm
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Embryo deriv. of Lens of the Eye?
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Surface Ectoderm
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Embryo deriv. of epithelial linings of the oral cavity, sensory organs of the ear, and olfactory epithelium?
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Surface Ectoderm
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Epidermis, saliva and sweat derived from ________.
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Surface Ectoderm
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Mammary glands are derived from _________.
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Surface Ectoderm
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Retina is derived from _________.
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Neuroectoderm
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SC is derived from __________.
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Neuroectoderm
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Brain is derived from __________.
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Neuroectoderm
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PNS is derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Melanocytes are derived from?
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Neural Crest cells
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Chromaffin cells of Adrenal Medulla and Parafolliculara cells of the Thyroid are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Schwann cells are derived from?
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Neural Crest cells
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Pia and Arachnoid Mater are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Aorticopulmonary Septum is derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Bones of the Skull are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Odontoblasts are derived from?
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Neural Crest Cells
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Gut tube epithelium is derived from?
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Endoderm
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thyroid follicular cells are derived from?
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Endoderm
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Lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid cells, and thyroid follicular cells are derived from?
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Endoderm
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Eustachian tube is derived from?
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Mesoderm
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Kidneys and adrenal cortex are derived from?
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Mesoderm
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testes and ovaries are derived from?
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Mesoderm
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Blood is derived from?
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Mesoderm
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Cardiovascular strx are derived from?
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Mesoderm
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What is organ Malformation?
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Intrinsic disruption: occurs during embryonic period (weeks 3-8)
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What is organ Deformation?
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extrinsic disruption, occurs AFTER the embryonic period
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What is organ Agenesis?
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absent organ due to absent primordial tissue
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What is Organ Hypoplasia?
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incomplete organ dev, primordial tissue present
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What is Organ Aplasia?
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Absent organ despite PRESENT primordial tissue
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When are teratogens most harmful to a fetus?
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Weeks 3-8 (embryonic period)
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ACE inhibitors effect on fetus?
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Renal Damage
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Alcohol effects on fetus?
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LEADING cause of birth defects
LEADING cause of MR fetal alcohol Syndrome |
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Alkylating agents effects on fetus?
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absence of digits
multiple anomalies |
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Aminoglycosides effects on fetus?
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CN VIII toxicity
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Cocaine effects on fetus?
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abnormal fetal dev.
fetal addiction placental abruption |
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DES effects on fetus?
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Vaginal Clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Folate antagonists effects on fetus?
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Neural tube defects
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Iodide (lack or excess) effects on fetus?
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Congenital Goiter
Hypothyroidism |
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Lithium effects on fetus?
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Ebstein's Anomaly (atrialized RV)
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Maternal diabetes effects on fetus?
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Caudal Regression Syndrome (Anal Atresia to Sirenomelia)
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Smoking effects on fetus?
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Preterm labor
Placental problems IUGR ADHD |
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Tetracyclines effects on fetus?
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discolored teeth
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Thalidomide effects on fetus?
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Limb defects (flipper limbs)
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Valproate effect on fetus?
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Inhibition of intestinal folate absorption
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Vitamin A excess effect on fetus?
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Spontaneous abortions
Birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities) |
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Warfarin effects on fetus?
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bone deformities
fetal hemorrhage abortion |
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Xrays, anticonvulsants effect on fetus?
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Multiple anomalies
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Leading cause of congenital malformations in the US?
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Dizygotic or Monozygotic twin development BEFORE day 3. Describe the chorions, amniotic sacs, and placentas.
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2 chorions
2 amniotic sacs 2 placentas |
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Monozygotic twin developement AFTER day 3. Describe the chorions, amniotic sacs, and placentas.
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1 chorion
2 amniotic sacs 1 placenta |
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Inner layer of Chorionic Villi?
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Cytotrophoblast
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outer layer of Chorionic VIlli?
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Synctiotrophoblast
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What part of the placenta secretes hCG?
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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What is the maternal component of the placenta?
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Decidua Basalis
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What returns deoxy. blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries to the placenta?
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Umbilical Arteries (2)
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What supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus? (drains into IVC)
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Umbilical Vein
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Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from _________.
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Allantois
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Yolk sac forms _________, which becomes the urachus.
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Allantois
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What is the Urachus?
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duct between bladder and yolk sac.
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What is Patent Urachus?
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failure of urachus to obliterate causing urine discharge from umbilicus
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urine discharge from umbilicus?
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Patent Urachus
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outpouching of bladder due to failure of urachus to obliterate?
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Vesicourachal diverticulum
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What is the fxn of the Vitelline duct?
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connects yolk sac to midgut lumen
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Meconium discharge from umbilicus?
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Vitelline Fistula- failure of vitelline duct to close
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partial closure of vitelline duct causing patent portion attached to ileum?
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Meckel's Diverticulum
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Melena and periumbilical pain?
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Meckel's Diverticulum
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Truncus Arteriosus forms _____________.
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Ascending Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk |
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Bulbus Cordis forms ________.
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RV
smooth parts of (outflow tract) of LV and RV |
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Primitive Ventricle forms _________.
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LV
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Primitive Atria forms __________.
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Trabeculated LA and RA
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Left horn of Sinus Venosus forms ____________.
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Coronary Sinus
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Right horn of Sinus Venosus forms ___________.
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Smooth part of RA
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Right Common Cardinal Vein and Right Ant. Cardinal Vein form __________.
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SVC
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failure of Truncus Arteriosus to spiral?
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Transposition of Great Vessels
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Skewed AP septum developement?
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Persistent Truncus Arteriosus?
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partial AP septum developement
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growth of ___________, seperates atria and ventricles.
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Endocardial cushions
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Membranous septal defects cause ___________.
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Left to Right Shunts= which will become R-L shunting (Eisenmenger complex)
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Excessive resorption of septum primum and/or septum secundum?
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Patent Foramen Ovale
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Fetal erythropoiesis during weeks 3-8?
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Yolk sac
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Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 6-30?
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Liver
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Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 9-28?
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Spleen
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Fetal Erythropoiesis during weeks 28 onward?
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Bone Marrow
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fetal hemoglobin?
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alpha2 gamma2
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adult hemoglobin?
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alpha2 beta2
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Blood from the umbilical vein drains into the IVC. How does it bypass the hepatic circulation?
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Ductus Venosus
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oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC , flows thru __________, and is pumped out of the aorta.
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Foramen Ovale
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Deoxygenated blood from teh SVC is expelled into the pulmonary A and __________to the lower body of the fetus.
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Ductus Arteriosus
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Baby's first breath increases O2 and thus decreases prostaglandins. What happens now?
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Closes the Ductus Arteriosus
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Baby's first breath causes a decrease in pulmonary vasculature resistance, and increase in LA pressure. What happens now?
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Foramen Ovale closes
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WHat is given to a baby with a Patent Ductus arterisosus, in order to close it?
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Indomethacin
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What keeps a Patent Ductus Arteriosus open?
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Prostaglandins
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Prosecephalon forms _____and _________.
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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Mesencephalon forms the ________ and ______.
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Midbrain
Aqueduct |
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Rhombecephalon forms the _____ and _________ and ________.
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Metencephalon
Myelencephalon 4th ventricle |
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Telencephalon forms the ______ and __________.
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Cerebral Hemispheres
Lateral Ventricle |
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Diencephalon froms the ________ and _______.
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Thalami
3rd ventricle |
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Metencephalon forms the ____ and _________.
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Pons
Cerebellum |
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Myelencephalon forms the _______.
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Medulla
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When should the Neuropore fuse?
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Week 4
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INcrease in AFP and Acetylcholinesterase in CSF and increase in AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum?
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Neural tube defect
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failure of bony spinal canal to close (dura is intact)?
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Spina Bfida Occulta
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Neural tube defect where the meninges herniate thru the spinal canal defect?
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Meningocele
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Neural Tube defect where meninges and SC herniate thru the Spinal canal defect?
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Myelomeningocele
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Elevated AFP + Polyhdramnios?
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Anencephaly
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decreased seperation of hemispheres across the midline?
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Holoprosencephaly
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cyclopia is assoc. with what embryo anomaly?
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Holoprosencephaly
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What is assoc. with Patau's syndrome, severe Fetal Alcohol syndrome, and cleft lip/palate?
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Holoprosencephaly
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Cerevellar tonsillar herniation thru the Foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly?
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Chiari II
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large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis, cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle?
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Dandy Walker malformation
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What posterior fossa malformation can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bfida?
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Dandy Walker
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What posterior fossa malformation is also seen with syringomyelia and thoracolumbar myelomeningocele
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Chiari II
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Enlargement of the central canal of the SC?
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Syringomyelia
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"cape like" bilateral loss of pain and temp. sensation in the UE's?
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Syringomyelia
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1st Aortic Arch derivative?
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Maxillary A
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2nd Aortic Arch deriv.?
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Stapedial A
Hyoid A |
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3rd Aortic Arch deriv.?
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Common Carotid A
prox. part of Internal Carotid A |
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4th Aortic Arch deriv.?
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left= Aortic Arch
right= prox. part of R. Subclavian A |
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6th Aortic Arch deriv.?
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prox. part of pulmonary arteries
left= Ductus Arteriosus |
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Branchial clefts are derived from?
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Ectoderm
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Brachial arches are deriv. from?
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Mesoderm
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Branchial pouches are deriv. from?
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Endoderm
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Brachial cleft develops into __________.
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External Auditory meatus
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Branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck?
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Persistent cervical sinus
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1st arch deriv.= Cartilage?
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Meckel's Cartilage
Mandible Malleus & Incus sphenoMandibular Ligament |
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1st arch= Muscles?
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M. of Mastication
Mylohyoid ant. belly of Digastric tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue |
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1st arch= Nerves?
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CN V2
CN v3 |
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1st pouch derivatives?
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middle ear cavity
eustachian tube mastoid air cells |
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1st Arch neural crest fails to migrate?
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Treacher Collins- mandible hypoplasia and facial abnormalities
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2nd Arch deriv.= Cartilage?
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Reichert's Cartilage
Stapes Styloid process lesser horn of Hyoid Stylohyoid ligament |
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2nd arch deriv= Muscles?
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M. of Facial Expression
Stapedius Stylohyoid Posterior belly of Digastric |
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2nd arch deriv= Nerves?
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CN VII (facial expression)
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2nd pouch derivatives?
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Epithelial lining of Palatine Tonsil
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3rd arch deriv. = Cartilage?
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Greater horn of Hyoid
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3rd arch= Muscles?
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Stylopharyngeus
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3rd arch= Nerves?
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CN IX (stylopharyngeus)
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3rd pouch derivatives?
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Dorsal Wing= Inf.Parathyroid
Ventral WIng= Thymus |
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Persistence of 3rd cleft and pouch?
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Congenital Pharyngocutaneous Fistula- btwn tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
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4th and 6th arch deriv. = cartilage?
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Thryoid
Cricoid Arytenoids Corniculate Cuneiform |
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4th arch deriv.= Muscles?
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most Pharyngeal Constrictors
Cricothryoid Levator Veli Palatini |
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6th arch deriv= Muscles
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all intrinsic muscles of Larynx (except cricothryoid)
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4th pouch deriv.?
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Dorsal wing= Superior Parathyroid
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4th arch deriv.= nerves?
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CN X (superior laryngeal branch)
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6th arch deriv.= Nerves?
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CN X (recurrent laryngeal)
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What forms the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
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3rd and 4th arch
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Aberrant dev. of 3rd and 4th pouches?
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DiGeorge Syndrome= T cell defcy and hypocalcemia
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What nerves are responsible for Taste?
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Solitary Nucleus (VII, IX, X)
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Pain to the tongue?
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CN V3, IX, X
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Motor innervation to the tongue?
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XII
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Muscles of the tongue are deriv. from __________.
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Occipital Myotomes
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Thyroid diverticulum arises from?
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floor of primitive pharynx
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persistent Thryoid diverticulum?
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Pyramidal lobe of Thyroid
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remnant of Thryoglossal duct?
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Foramen Cecum
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Thryoid Diverticulum connected to the tongue via the ___________.
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Foramen Cecum
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Most common ectopic thryoid tissue site?
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Tongue
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cyst in midline neck?
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Thryoglossal duct
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cyst in lateral neck?
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Persistent Cervical sinus
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failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes?
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Cleft Lip
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failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and the median palatine process?
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Cleft Palate
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Foregut?
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pharynx to duodenum
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Midgut?
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Duodenum to Transverse Colon
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Hindgut?
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distal Transverse colon to Rectum
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failure of the Rostral fold closure?
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Sternal defects
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failure of the Lateral fold closure?
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Omphalocele, Gastoschisis
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Failure of Caudal fold closure?
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bladder exstrophy
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extrusion of abdominal contents thru abdominal folds, not covered by peritoneum?
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Gastroschisis
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Peristence of herniation of abddominal contents into umbilical cord, covered by peritoneum?
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Omphalocele
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During the 6th week, the midgut________________the umbilical ring.
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HERNIATES thru
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WHen does the midgut return to the abdominal cavity and rotate around the SMA?
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10th week
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abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea?
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Tracheoesophageal Fistula
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Palpable "olive" mass + nonbilious projectile vomit at 2 weeks of age?
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Congenital Pyloric Stenosis (1/600 births, usually 1st male)
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What is a Annular Pancreas?
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ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles the 2nd part of the duodenum= forming a ring of pancreatic tissue= duodenal narrowing
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What is Pancreas Divisum?
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vental and Dorsal part fail to fuse at 8 weeks
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What does the Spleen arise from?
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Dorsal Mesentery (mesoderm), but is supplied by artery of the Foregut (Celiac A)
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1st form of a kidney?
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Pronephros- degenerates at week 4
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Interim kidney for 1st trimester?
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Mesonephros
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permanent kidney that starts to form during week 5 and continues forming till weeks 32-36?
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Metanephros
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What is derived from the caudal end of the Mesonephros?
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Ureteric Bud
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What does the Ureteric Bud give rise to?
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Ureter
Pelvises Calyces Collecting Ducts |
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Ureteric bud interacts with Metanephric Mesenchyme to form ___________and ______________.
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Glomerulus
Renal tubules to Distal Convoluted Tubules |
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MC site of obstruction in the kidney?
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Uteropelvic Jxn
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Bilateral Renal agenesis?
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Potter's Syndrome
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Malformation of Ureteric Bud?
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Potter's
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INferior poles of both kidneys fuse?
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Horseshoe Kidney
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Horseshoe kidneys get trapped under __________.
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Inferior Mesenteric A
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Mesonephric duct degenerates and the paramesendophric duct develops?
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Female developement
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SRY gene on Y chromosome produces __________.
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Testes
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What is the fxn of Mullerian Inhibitory factor (secreted from Sertolli cells)?
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suppresses dev. of Paramesonephric duct
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increase in androgens released from Leydig cells give rise ______________.
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dev. of Mesanephric Ducts
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Wolffian duct develops into _________.
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Male Internal Strx
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Mullerian Duct develops into?
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Female internal strx
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Incomplete fusion of Paramesonephric ducts?
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Bicornuate Uterus
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Genital Tubercle + Estrogen?
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Glans Clitoris
Vestibular bulbs |
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Genital Tubercle + Dihydrotestosterone?
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Glans Penis
Corpus Cavernosum Corpus Spongiosum |
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Urogential Sinus form what in females?
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Bartholin glands
Glands of Skene Labia Minora |
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Urogenital Sinus form what in males?
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Cowper's glands
Prostate gland Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) |
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Labioscrotal swelling derivatives?
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male= scrotum
female= labia majora |
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failure of urethral folds to close?
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Hypospadias
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis?
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Hypospadias
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis?
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Epispadias
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faulty positioning of genital tubercle can cause?
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Epispadias (assoc. with Exstrophy of the bladder)
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Gubernaculum becomes what?
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Female= ovarian ligament and round ligament
Male= anchors testes within scrotum |
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Procesus Vaginalis (evagination of Peritoneum) becomes what?
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Female= obliterated
male= Tunica Vaginalis |
