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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Microglia
1) what kind of cell? 2) what layer does it originate from? 3) Response to tissue damage? |
Microglia
1) CNS phagocyte 2) Mesoderm origin 3) transform into large ameboid phagocytic cells in response to tissue damage |
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Astrocyte
1) where is it found 2) fxn? 3) marker? |
Astrocyte
1) CNS 2) physical support, repair, K metabolism, help maintain blood-brain barrier 3) marker: GFAP |
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Ependymal cells
1) where is it found? 2) fxn? |
Ependymal cells
1) CNS 2) inner lining of ventricles |
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Oligodendrocyte
1) where is it found? 2) fxn? 3) what stain do you use and what does it look like? 4) Predominant in white or gray matter? |
Oligodendrocytes
1) CNS 2) myelinate CNS axons 3) Nissl stain - look like small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm 4) white matter |
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what cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS when infected by HIV
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microglia
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what cells are destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis
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Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
1) where are they found 2) what layer are they formed from 3) fxn |
Schwann Cells
1) PNS 2) ectoderm 3) myelinate only 1 PNS axon and promote axonal regeneration |
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what is an example of schwannoma and what CN are involved
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acoustic neuroma
CN VII, VIII |
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what are the peripheral nerve layers?
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peripheral nerve layers:
endoneurium - around single nerve fiber perineurium - permeability barrier epineurium - surrounds the entire nerve |
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Meissner's corpuscles
1) where found 2) fxn? |
Meissner's
1) small encapsulated nerve endings found in DERMIS OF PALMS, SOLES, DIGITS OF SKIN 2) LIGHT DISCRIMINATORY TOUCH OF GLABROUS (HAIRLESS) SKIN |
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Pacinian corpuscles
1) where located 2) fxn |
Pacinian
1) large encapsulated nerve endings in deeper layers of skin @ LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULES, SEROUS MEMBRANES, MESENTERIES 2) pressure, coarse touch, vibration, tension |
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Merkel's corpuscle
1) where 2) fxn |
Merkel's
1) cup shaped nerve endings in DERMIS OF FINGERTIPS, HAIR FOLLICLES, HARD PALATE 2) light, crude touch |
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Inner ear
bony labyrinth is made up of? what is it filled with? |
Bony labyrinth
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals perilymph - Na rich |
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Inner ear
membranous labyrinth is made up of? what is it filled with? |
cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals
endolymph - K rich |
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Inner ear
hair cell fxn |
hair cells
spatial orientation - vestibule hearing - cochlea |
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inner ear
where is high frequency sound picked up |
high frequency sound is picked up in...
base of cochlea |
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inner ear
where is low frequency sound picked up |
low frequency sound is picked up in.....
apex of cochlea |
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inner ear - maculae
1) where? 2) fxn? |
maculae
1) utricle/saccule 2) detect linear accelaration |
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inner ear - ampullae
1) where? 2) fxn? |
ampullae
1) semicircular canal 2) detect Angular Acceleration |
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hearing loss in eldery goes from?
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high --> low frequency
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blood brain barrier
1) formed by? 2) what crosses readily? 3) how do glucose and aa cross 4) where in the brain is there no BBB |
BBB
formed by: ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TIGHT JXN, BASEMENT MEMBRANE, ASTROCYTE PROCESSES 2) nonpolar/lipid soluble substances cross readily 3) glucose/aa cross by carrier mediated transport 4) area postrema (vomit after chemo), neurohypophysis (ADH release) |
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hypothalamus fxn
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Hypothalamas wears TAN HATS
Thirst/Water balance (supraoptic nucleus) Adenohypophysis control - releasing factors Neurohypophysis - releases hormones synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei Hunger (anorexia/starvation destroys lateral nucleus) Autonomic regulation (anterior hypothal regulates parasympathetic; posterior hypothal regulates sympathetic) Temp regulation (post regulates heat conservation and production when cold; ant coordinates cooling when hot) A/C=ANT/COOLING ; POST POIKILOTHERM Sexual urges and emotions - Septal nucleus - destruction-> rage) |
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Post pit
1) receives projections from? 2) secretes? |
1)supraoptic (ADH)
2) paraventricular (oxytocin) |
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Thalamus
1) receive info from? |
1) ascending sensory info
Lat geniculate nucleus - visual (LAT FOR LIGHT) Med geniculate nucleus - auditory (MEDIAL FOR MUSIC) VPL - body sensation VPM - facial sensation (CN V) VA/VL - motor |
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limbic system fxn?
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5 F's
feeding fighting feeling flight sex |
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Basal ganglia
1) fxn 2) decreased input from the substantia nigra results in? |
1) voluntary movements and making postural adjustments
2) parkinson's disease - like symptoms |
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frontal lobe fxn
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"Executive fxns"
planning, inhibition, concentration, orientation, language, abstraction, judgment, motor regulation, mood, social judgement |
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Brodmann's premotor area
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6
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Brodmann's primary motor area
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4
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Brodmann's primary sensory areas
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3,1,2
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Brodmann's motor speech area?
what is this area called? |
44, 45
Broca's area |
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Brodmann's primary auditory cortex area?
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41, 42
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Brodmann's associative auditory cortex area?
what is this area called? |
22
Wernicke's |
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Bordmann's primary visual cortex area
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17
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Brodmann's frontal eye fields area
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8
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what supplies medial surface of the brain?
what area of the brain is this? |
anterior cerebral artery
leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortex |
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what supplies the lateral aspect of the brain?
what areas are affected? |
middle cerebral artery
trunk-arm-face area of motor/sensory cortex Broca's area Wernicke's area |
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where is the most common circle of Willis aneurysm?
what kind of defects would it cause |
anterior communicating artery
visual field defects |
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where is the most common area of aneurysm?
what kind of defects would it cause |
posterior communicating artery
CN III palsy |
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what division of the middle cerebral artery is called the "arteries of stroke"?
what areas are affected? |
lateral striate artery
internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus |
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if you have a stroke in the anterior circle, what symptomatology do you get?
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general sensory/motor dysfxn, aphasia
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if you have a stroke in the posterior circle, what kind of symptomatology do you get?
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CN deficits (vertigo, visual deficit)
coma cerebellar deficits (ataxia |
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where are venous sinuses located?
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run in dura mater where meningeal and periosteal layers separate
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blood supply of veins?
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cerebral vein --> venous sinuses --> internal jugular vein
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what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle
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foramen of Monro
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what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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aqueduct of Sylvius
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what connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space
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Foramina of Luschka (lateral)
Foramina of Magendie (medial) |
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where does vertebral disk herniation usu occur
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btw L5, S1
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at what level do you go to get a CSF sample from the lumbars?
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L4/L5
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what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle
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foramen of Monro
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what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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aqueduct of Sylvius
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what connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space
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Foramina of Luschka (lateral)
Foramina of Magendie (medial) |
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where does vertebral disk herniation usu occur
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btw L5, S1
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at what level do you go to get a CSF sample from the lumbars?
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L3/L4
L4/L5 |
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at what level does the spinal cord end?
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L1/L2
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at what level does the subarachnoid space end
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S2
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what structure do you not pierce through when doing lumbar punctures
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pia
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cuneate fasciculus affects what part of body
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upper body, extremities
pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception |
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gracilis fasciculus affects what part of the body
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lower body, extremities
pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception |
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lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for what
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voluntary motor movements
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spinothalamic tract is responsible for what
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pain and temperature
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what 2 fascicles make up the dorsal column
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cuneate - arms
gracilis - legs |