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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F. Uncouplers stop ATP production? ...
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TRUE. ATP synthesis stops. Electron transport continues.
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Underproduction of heme causes what anemia? ...
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microcytic hypochromic anemia
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What AA are required during periods of growth? ...
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Arg and His
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What are clincial syndromes of Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
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xanthomas, atherosclerosis, homozygotes MI by age 30
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What are major pathways that occur in the liver (8)? ...
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gluconeogenesis, Beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, lipoprotien formation, urea, uric acid and bile acid formation, cholesterol synthesis.
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What are the activators of glycogenolysis? ...
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cAMP, and calcium ion
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What are the cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase (5)? ...
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pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, CoA, FAD and NAD
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What are the components of a cholymicron remnant? ...
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TG, FFA and apo E
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What are the components of a cholymicron? ...
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TG, apo C-II, apo E, B-48, apo A
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What are the components of IDL? ...
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less TG, CE,apo B-100 and E
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What are the components of LDL? ...
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CE and apo B-100
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What are the components of VLDL? ...
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TG, Cholesterol ester, B-100, apo C-II and E
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RBC: What are the degradation product steps (3)? ...
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heme to biliverdin to bilirubin
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What are the effector hormones of cholesterol synthesis? ...
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insulin increases, glucagon decreases
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What are the effector hormones of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation? ...
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decreased glucagon and increased insulin
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What are the effector hormones of glycogenolysis? ...
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insulin decreases, epi and glucagon increases
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What are the effector hormones of lipogenesis (2)? ...
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insulin increases, glucagon decreases
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What are the electron transport chain inhibitors? ...
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rotenone, antimycin A, CN-, CO
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What are the essential glucogenic/ketogenic AA? ...
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Ile, Phe, Try
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What are the essential glucogenic AA? ...
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Met, Thr, Val, Arg, His
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What are the essential ketogenic AA? ...
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Leu and Lys
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What are the irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis (4)? ...
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pyruvate carboxylase, -PEP carboxykinase,-fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase, -glu-6-phosphotase
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What are the irreversible enzymes of glycolysis (4)? ...
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-glucokinase/hexokinase,-PFK,-pyruvate kinase,-pyruvate dehydrogenase
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What are the main substrates used by adipose tissue (2)? ...
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-glucose, -lipoprotein triacylglycerol
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What are the main substrates used by the brain? ...
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-glucose, -aa and ketone bodies when starved, -polyunsat FA in neonates
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What are the main substrates used by heart? ...
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FFA, -some glucose, -lactate, -ketone bodies, VLDL and cholymicrom triacylglycerol
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What are the main substrates used by liver? ...
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FFA, -glucose, -lactate, -glycerol, fructose, -AA
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What are the major activators of gluconeogenesis? ...
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Acetyl CoA for pyruvate carboxylase and cAMP for PEP carboxykinase and F-1,6-bis-P
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What are the major activators of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation? ...
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AMP, fructose2,6-bis-P, fructose 1,6-bis-P in muscle, CoA, NAD, ADP and pyruvate
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What are the major metabolic pathways of the adipose tissue (2)? ...
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- esterfication of FA's - lipolysis
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What are the major metabolic pathways of the brain (2)? ...
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-glycolysis,-aa metabolism
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What are the major metabolic pathways of the heart? ...
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Aerobic pathways like B oxidation and TCA cycle
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What are the major products of the adipose tissue (2)? ...
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-FFA, -glycerol
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What are the major products of the brain? ...
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Lactate
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What are the major products of the liver (8)? ...
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glucose,-VLDL,-HDL,-ketone bodies,-urea,-uric acid, -bile acids, -plasma proteins
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What are the major regulatory enzymes of gluconeogenesis (3)? ...
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pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase and F-1,6-bis-P
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What are the major regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation? ...
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PFK and pyruvate dehydrogenase
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What are the major regulatory enzymes of cholesterol synthesis? ...
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HMG-CoA reductase
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What are the products of the liver in the fasting state? ...
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glucose and ketone bodies
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What are the products of the liver in the fed state? ...
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glycogen and fats/VLDL
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What are the products of the TCA cycle? ...
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3NADH, 1FADH2, 2CO2, 1GTP per Acetyl CoA
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What are the some causes of hyperbilirubinemia (4)? ...
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massive hemolysis, -block in catabolism, -diplaced from binding sites on albumin, decreased excretion
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What are the sources of hyperbilirubinemia (2)? ...
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conjugated (direct/glucuronidated) and unconjugated(indirect/insoluble)
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What are the specialist enzymes of muscle (2)? ...
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-lipoprotein lipase, and well developed resp chain
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What are the specialist enzymes of the adipose tissue (2)? ...
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-lipoprotein lipase,-hormone sensitive lipase
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What are the specialist enzymes of the heart (2)? ...
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-lipoprotein lipase, -respiratory chain well-developed
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What are the specialist enzymes of the liver? ...
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-glucokinase,-glu-6-phosphotase,-glycerol kinase, -PEP carboxykinase, -fructokinase,-arginase,-HMG coA synthase and lyase, -7a-hydroxylase
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What are the three sites in the electron transport chain for active proton transfer? ...
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NADH dehydrogenase, Cyt b/c1, and cytochrome oxidase aa3
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What can occur as an excess of cholymicrons (3)? ...
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pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis and eruptive xanthomas
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What can occur as an excess of VLDL? ...
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pancreatitis
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What catalyzes cholymicron to cholymicron remnant? ...
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lipoprotein lipase
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What catalyzes IDL to LDL? ...
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hepatic TG lipase
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What catalyzes VLDL to IDL? ...
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lipoprotein lipase
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What causes a hangover? ...
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acetylaldehyde accumulates
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What color is bilirubin and what is the condition of excess? ...
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yellow, jaundice
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What complex is pyruvate dehydrogenase similar to? ...
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a-ketogluturate dehydrogenase complex
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What do LT C4, D4 and E4 do (4)? ...
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bronchconstriction, vasoconstriction, contract smooth muscle, increase vascular permeability
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What does breath smell like during ketoacidosis? ...
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fruity(acetone)
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What does excess LDL cause(3)? ...
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atherosclerosis, xanthomas, and arcus corneae
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What does oligomycin do to ETC? ...
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ATPase inhibitor that increases proton gradient but not ATP production
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What does PGI stand for? ...
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platelet gathering inhibitor
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What does the COX pathway yield? ...
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thromboxanes, prostaglandins and prostacyclin
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What does the lipooxygenase pathway yield? ...
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leukotrienes
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What does this stand for?: Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination. ...
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Urea Cycle: Ornithine, citrulline, carbamoyl-p, aspartate, arginosuccinate, fumurate, arginine, urea
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What enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step of cholesterol syn.? ...
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HMG-CoA reductase
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What induces the PPP? ...
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insulin
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What is a major component of atherosclerotic plaque? ...
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modified LDL
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What is an uncoupling agent to the ETC? ...
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2,4 DNP (dynamite)
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What is cofactor required for methionine (SAM) regeneration? ...
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vitamin B12
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What does PGI 2 inhibit (2)? ...
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platelet aggregation and vasodilation
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What is familial hypercholesteremia? ...
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AD genetic defect in LDL receptor
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What is Kwarshiorkor? ...
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protein malnutrition
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What is LT B4? ...
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neutrophil chemotactic agent
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What is Marasmus? ...
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Protein-calorie malnutrition resulting in tissue wasting
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What is the activator of lipogenesis? ...
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Citrate
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What is the activator of PPP? ...
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NADP+
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What is the clinical picture of Kwashikor? ...
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small child with swollen belly
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What is the committed step of heme synthesis? ...
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glycine+succ CoA to delta-aminolevulinate
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What is the composition of ATP? ...
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Base(adenine), ribose, 3 phosphoryls
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What is the consequence of accumulated intermediates of heme synthesis? ...
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porphyrias
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What is the easy way to remember the cofactors of PDH complex? ...
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First 4 B vitamins + lipoic acid
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What is the effector hormone for glycogenesis? ...
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Glucagon
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What is the energy content of the 2 phosphoanhydride bonds? ...
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7 kcal/mol each
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What is the function of HDL (2)? ...
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Transfers cholesterol from periphery to liver; acts as a repository for apoC and apoE.
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What is the functioin of lipoprotein lipase? ...
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FA uptake into cells from chylomicrons and VLDL's
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What is the function of aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase? ...
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Rate limiting step of heme synthesis; converts succinyl CoA and glycine to ALA.
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What is the function of cholymicrons (2)? ...
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Delivers dietary TG to peripheral tissues; delivers dietary cholesterol to liver.
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What is the function of hormone sensitive lipase? ...
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degradation of stored TG's
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What is the function of LDL? ...
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delivers hepatic cholesterol to peripheral tissues
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What is the function of phospholipase A2? ...
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liberates arachidonic acid from cell membrane
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What is the function of PPP (3)? ...
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-produces ribose-5-P from G6P for nucleotide synthesis,-produces NADPH,-part of HMP shunt
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What is the function of SAM? ...
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transfers methyl units to wide variety of receptors
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What is the function of the Cori Cycle? ...
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transfers excess reducing equivalants from RBC's and muscle to liver to allow muscle to function anaerobically
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What is the function of Tx A2 (2)? ...
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platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
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What is the function of VLDL? ...
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Delivers hepatic TG to peripheral tisssue
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What is the inhibitor of lipogenesis (2)? ...
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long-chain acyl-CoA, -cAMP
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What is the inhibitor of PPP? ...
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NADPH
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What is the limiting reagent of ethanol metabolism? ...
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NAD+
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What is the main substrate of fast twitch muscle?
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Glucose
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What is the main substrate of slow twitch muscle? ...
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ketone bodies, -FFA, -triacylglycerol
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