Fa Behavorial Science

Front 1

What type of study compares a group of people with a disese to a group without disease?

Back 1

Case-Control Study

Front 2

What type of study asks "What happened?"

Back 2

Case-Control

Front 3

What type of study compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without?

Back 3

Cohort Study

Front 4

What study..."What will happen"?

Back 4

Cohort Study

Front 5

What type of study looks to see if exposure increases likelihood of disease?

Back 5

Cohort study

Front 6

What study asks "What is happening?"

Back 6

Cross-Sectional Study

Front 7

What study collects date froma group of people to asses the FREQUENCY of disease?

Back 7

Cross-Sectional Study

Front 8

Phase I Clinical Trial study sample?

Back 8

Healthy volunteers

Front 9

Phase II clinical trial study sample?

Back 9

pts. with disease of interest

Front 10

Phase III clinical trial study sample?

Back 10

large # of pts. assigned to treatment or placebo

Front 11

Phase IV study sample?

Back 11

postmarketing surveillance of pts. after approval

Front 12

Purpose of Phase I trial?

Back 12

safety
toxicity
pharmokinetics

Front 13

Purpose of Phase II trial?

Back 13

Treatment efficacy
optimal dosing
adverse effects

Front 14

Purpose of Phase III trial?

Back 14

compares NEW trx to the CURRENT trx

Front 15

Purpose of Phase IV?

Back 15

Adverse effects

Front 16

pools data from several studies to come to an overall conclusion?

Back 16

Meta-Analysis

Front 17

proportion of all people who with dx who test positive?

Back 17

Sensitivity

Front 18

Proportion of all people who do not have dx that test negative?

Back 18

Specificity

Front 19

ability of a test to detect a dx when a dx is present?

Back 19

Sensitvity

Front 20

ability of a test to detect there is NO dx when NO dx is present?

Back 20

Specificity

Front 21

What is used for screening diseases with low prevalence?

Back 21

Sensitivity= RULES OUT

Front 22

What is used for a confirmatory test after a positive screening test?

Back 22

Specificity= RULES IN

Front 23

Sensitivity value approaching _________ is desirable for ruling OUT.

Back 23

1

Front 24

Specificity value approaching ________ is desirable for ruling IN.

Back 24

1

Front 25

proportion of positive tests results that are true positives?

Back 25

PPV

Front 26

proportion of negative test results that are true negative?

Back 26

NPV

Front 27

100% sensitivity?

Back 27

NO disease

Front 28

100% specificity?

Back 28

DISEASE

Front 29

point prevalence?

Back 29

total cases at given time/ total population at given time

Front 30

formula for incidence?

Back 30

new cases at given time/ total population at given time

Front 31

formula for prevalence?

Back 31

Incidence x Disease duration

Front 32

Prevalence > Incidence?

Back 32

Chronic Diseases

Front 33

Prevalence= Incidence?

Back 33

ACUTE diseases (common cold)

Front 34

Odds ratio is used for _________studies.

Back 34

Case-Control

Front 35

What is the point of knowing the Odd's Ratio?

Back 35

odds of having a disease in exposed group vs. odds of having disease in non-exposed group

Front 36

Formula for Odd's Ratio?

Back 36

a/b
------
c/d

Front 37

probability of getting a disease if you are in the exposed group (compared to if you were in the unexposed group)?

Back 37

Relative Risk

Front 38

How is Relative Risk calculated?

Back 38

a/ (a + b)
-------------
c/ ( c +d)


(% exposed/% unexposed)

Front 39

What is Attributable risk?

Back 39

difference in risk between exposed vs. unexposed

Front 40

proportion of disease occurences that are attributable to the exposure?

Back 40

Attributable risk

Front 41

What is Absolute Risk reduction?

Back 41

reduction in risk assoc. with a treatment compared to a placebo

Front 42

# needed to treat?

Back 42

1/absolute risk reduction

Front 43

# needed to harm?

Back 43

1/attributable risk

Front 44

How do calculate Attributable risk?

Back 44

a/ (a+b) - c/(c+d)

Front 45

Consistency and reproducibility of a test?

Back 45

Precision

Front 46

Reliability of a test?

Back 46

Precision

Front 47

Reduced precision in a test?

Back 47

Random Error

Front 48

Reduced accuracy in a test?

Back 48

Systemic Error

Front 49

Validity of a test?

Back 49

Accuracy

Front 50

Trueness of test measurements?

Back 50

Accuracy

Front 51

nonrandom assign. to study group?

Back 51

Selection bias

Front 52

knowledge of prescence of disorder alters recall by subjects?

Back 52

Recall Bias

Front 53

subjects are not representative relative to general population?

Back 53

Sampling Bias

Front 54

information gathered at an inappropiate time?

Back 54

Late-Look Bias

Front 55

subjects in different groups are not treated the same?

Back 55

Procedure Bias

Front 56

type of bias that occurs with 2 closely assoc. factors?

Back 56

Confounding bias

Front 57

early detection confused with increased survival time?

Back 57

Lead-Time Bias

Front 58

researchers belief in the efficacy of a trx changes the outcome of that trx?

Back 58

Pygmalion Effect

Front 59

The group being studied changes its behavior owing to the knowledge of being studied?

Back 59

Hawthorne Effect

Front 60

Positive skew?

Back 60

curve with TAIL ON THE RIGHT.
Mean >median

Front 61

Negative skew?

Back 61

curve with TAIL ON LEFT.
mean < median

Front 62

What is least affected by outliers in the sample?

Back 62

Mode

Front 63

Hypothesis of NO difference?

Back 63

Null (Ho)

Front 64

Hypothesis that there is SOME difference?

Back 64

Alternative (H1)

Front 65

stating there IS a difference when none exsists?

Back 65

Type I = alpha

Front 66

stating there is NOT a difference when there is one?

Back 66

Type II= beta

Front 67

"false-positive error" ?

Back 67

Type I

Front 68

"false-negative error"?

Back 68

Type II

Front 69

probability of making a Type I error?

Back 69

p

Front 70

Probability of making a Type II error?

Back 70

beta

Front 71

probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false?

Back 71

Power! (probability of being right)

Front 72

likelihood of finding a difference when a difference exsist?

Back 72

Power

Front 73

What will increase the Power of a test?

Back 73

increase the Sample size

Front 74

Formula for Power?

Back 74

1-beta

Front 75

Formula for Standard error of the Mean?

Back 75

SEM= SD/square root of N

Front 76

1 standard deviation?

Back 76

68%

Front 77

2 standard deviations?

Back 77

95%

Front 78

3 standard deviations?

Back 78

99.7%

Front 79

What is Confidence Level?

Back 79

range of values in which a specified prob. of the mean of repeated samples would be expected to fall

Front 80

Formula of CI?

Back 80

range from [mean-Z (SEM)] to [mean + Z(SEM)]

Front 81

95% CI, Z=_____.

Back 81

1.96

Front 82

if 95% CI for mean difference between 2 variables includes 0?

Back 82

no significant difference

Front 83

95% CI for odds ratio or Relative risk includes 1?

Back 83

no significant difference

Front 84

CI between 2 groups overlaps?

Back 84

no significant difference

Front 85

t-test checks for?

Back 85

difference between the MEANS of 2 groups

Front 86

ANOVA?

Back 86

ANalysis of Of VAriance of 3 or more

Front 87

What compares percentages and proportion of 2 or more outcomes?

Back 87

chi square

Front 88

Correlation Coefficient (r)?

Back 88

r is between -1 and +1. closer the absolute value is to 1, the stronger the correlation btwn 2 variables.

Front 89

r squared?

Back 89

coeffiencent of determination

Front 90

Primary Disease Prevention?

Back 90

prevent disease occurence (ex. vaccination)

Front 91

Secondary Disease prevention?

Back 91

Early DETECTION of disease (pap smear)

Front 92

Tertiary Disease Prevention?

Back 92

Reduce Disability (chemo)

Front 93

What are the Reportable Diseases?

Back 93

Hep A
Hep B
Hep C
HIV
Salmonella
Shigella
Syphillis
Measles
Mumps
AIDS
Rubella
TB
Chickenpox
Gonorrhea

Front 94

leading causes of infant deaths in US?

Back 94

congenital anomalies
SIDS
RDS

Front 95

leading cause of death between 1-14 yo in the US?

Back 95

Injuries
Cx
Congenital Anomalies
Homicide
Heart Dx

Front 96

leading cause of death between 15-24 in the US?

Back 96

injuries
homicide
suicide

Front 97

leading cause of death between 25-64 yo in the US?

Back 97

Cancer
heart dx
injuries

Front 98

Leading cause of death >65 in the US?

Back 98

Heart Dx
Cancer
Stroke

Front 99

Who is eligible for Medicare?

Back 99

>65
<65 but with disability
ESRD

Front 100

Who is eligible for Medicaid?

Back 100

Destitute (LOW income)

Front 101

Part A Medicare?

Back 101

IN patient

Front 102

Part B Medicare?

Back 102

OUT patient

Front 103

Part C medicare?

Back 103

combo of Part A and B

Front 104

Part D medicare?

Back 104

Drug coverage

Front 105

obligation to respect patients as individuals?

Back 105

Autonomy

Front 106

physician must act in patients best interest?

Back 106

Beneficence

Front 107

"Do No Harm"

Back 107

nonmaleficence

Front 108

doctors ethical principle to treat persons fairly?

Back 108

Justice

Front 109

4 exceptions to informed consent?

Back 109

lacks decision making capacity
emergency
therapeutic privilege (disclosure would harm pt)
Waiver

Front 110

What does it mean for a minor to be Emancipated? (free?)

Back 110

married
self supporting
has children
military

Front 111

When is parental consent NOT required for a minor?

Back 111

Emergency
contraceptives
STD trx
Pregnancy
Drug addiction managment

Front 112

Living will?

Back 112

written advance directive

Front 113

Durable power of attorney?

Back 113

surrogate to make medical decisions

Front 114

The Tarasoff Decision?

Back 114

law requiring physician to directly inform and protect potential victim from harm (may involve breach of confidentiality)

Front 115

Civil suit under negligence requires?

Back 115

4 D's
Duty
Dereliction
Damage
Direct

Front 116

MC factor leading to litigation?

Back 116

poor communication btwn physician and patient

Front 117

When is APGAR evaluated?

Back 117

newborn at 1 min. and 5 min

Front 118

Appearance on the APGAR score?

Back 118

0= blue
1= trunk pink
3= all pink

Front 119

pulse on APGAR?

Back 119

0=none
1= <100
2= >100

Front 120

grimace on APGAR?

Back 120

0= none
1= grimace
2= grimace + cough

Front 121

activity on APGAR?

Back 121

0=limp
1= some
2= active

Front 122

respiration on APGAR?

Back 122

0= none
1= irregular
2= regular

Front 123

low birth weight?

Back 123

< 2500g

Front 124

Complications assoc. with Low birth weight?

Back 124

infxns
respiratory distress syndrome
necrotizing enterocolitis
intraventricular hemorrhage
persistent fetal circulation

Front 125

milestone at 0-3 months?

Back 125

rooting reflex
orients to voice

Front 126

milestone at 3 months?

Back 126

holds head up
moro relex disappears
social smile

Front 127

milestone at 7-9 months?

Back 127

sits alone
crawls
stranger anxiety

Front 128

milestone at 15 months?

Back 128

walks
babinksi disappears
few words
seperation anxiety

Front 129

milestone for 12-24 months?

Back 129

climbs stairs
stacks blocks. age x 3.
object permanence
200 words
2 word sentences

Front 130

milestone for 24-36 months?

Back 130

gender identity
parallel play

Front 131

milestone for 30-36 months?

Back 131

stacks 9 blocks
toilet training "pee at 3"

Front 132

milestone at 3 years?

Back 132

Tricycle
copies lines/drawings
900 words
complete sentences

Front 133

milestone at 4 years?

Back 133

simple drawings
hops on 1 foot
cooperative play
imaginary friends
grooms self, brushes teeth
buttons and zips

Front 134

Tanner stage for when pubic hair appears and breasts enlarge?

Back 134

2

Front 135

Tanner stage for when pubic hair darkens, becomes curly, and penis size and length increases?

Back 135

3

Front 136

Tanner stage when penis width increases, darker scrotal skin, develop glans, and raised areola?

Back 136

4

Front 137

Tanner stage when areola are no longer raised (adult)?

Back 137

5

Front 138

Does sexual interest decrease with age? intelligence?

Back 138

NO
NO

Front 139

Grief time period?

Back 139

up to 2 months, may experience illusions

Front 140

Pathologic greif?

Back 140

excessively intense grief
> 2 months
delayed, inhibited, denied
delusions, hallucinations

Front 141

Kubler-Ross Grief Stages?

Back 141

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Grieving (depression)
Acceptance

Front 142

Drugs that might affect sexual dysfunction?

Back 142

antihypertensives
neuroleptics
SSRI's
ethanol

Front 143

Diseases that might cause sexual dysfxn?

Back 143

depression
diabetes

Front 144

Formula for BMI?

Back 144

weight in kg
---------------
(height in meters) squared

Front 145

underweight BMI?

Back 145

<18.5

Front 146

Normal BMI?

Back 146

18.5- 24.9

Front 147

Overweight BMI?

Back 147

25.0-29.9

Front 148

Obese BMI?

Back 148

>30

Front 149

Morbidly obese BMI?

Back 149

>40

Front 150

EEG waveform during awake, alert, active mental concentration?

Back 150

Beta

Front 151

awake with eyes closed?

Back 151

alpha

Front 152

light sleep?

Back 152

Stage I
Theta

Front 153

Deeper sleep, Bruxisms (grinding teeth)?

Back 153

Stage 2
Sleep spindles and K complex
45% of sleep time

Front 154

Deepest, NON-REM sleep, sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting?

Back 154

Stage 3-4
Delta (slowest wave form)

Front 155

Dreaming, loss of motor tone, memory processing function, erection, increased brain O2 use?

Back 155

REM sleep
Beta

Front 156

What initiates sleep?

Back 156

Raphe Nucleus- Serotonin

Front 157

What reduces REM sleep?

Back 157

NE

Front 158

Extraocular movements during REM is due to ________.

Back 158

PPRF (Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation)

Front 159

"Paradoxical Sleep" or "Desynchronized Sleep"

Back 159

the fact that REM sleep and being Active share the SAME EEG WAVE FORM= BETA

Front 160

What decreases Stage 4 sleep? what is it used for?

Back 160

Imipramine
treat enuresis

Front 161

What is assoc.with reduced REM and delta sleep?

Back 161

Alcohol
Benzos
Barbs

Front 162

What are useful for night terrors and sleep walking?

Back 162

Benzos

Front 163

principle Neurotransmitter involved in REM sleep?

Back 163

Ach

Front 164

REM sleep is like SEX???

Back 164

increased pulse
increase BP
penile/clitoral tumescence
increases thru night
decreases with age

Front 165

Sleep pattern of depressed patients?

Back 165

decrease slow wave sleep
decrease REM latency
REM more in early sleep cycle
increase REM SLEEP
repeated nighttime awakenings
early morning awakenings (screening question)

Front 166

excessive daytime sleepiness due to disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycle?

Back 166

Narcolepsy

Front 167

Hallucinations just before sleep? seen with narcolepsy

Back 167

Hypnogogic

Front 168

Hallucinations just before awakening? seen with narcolepsy

Back 168

Hypnopompie

Front 169

loss of all muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus?

Back 169

Cataplexy

Front 170

What drives the Circadian Rhythm?

Back 170

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus)

Front 171

How does SCN control circadian rhythm of sleep?

Back 171

scn---NE release---pineal gland---melatonin

Front 172

Sleep terror disorder is common in _________. When does it occur?

Back 172

Children
slow wave sleep