Eyes

Front 1

3 layers of eyes

Back 1

1. sclera

2. choroid

3. retina

Front 2

sclera

Back 2

white fibrous tissue, covers "white" of the eye

Front 3

choroid

Back 3

vascular layer. has dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to the retina

Front 4

retina

Back 4

visual receptive layer

Front 5

vitreous humor

Back 5

watery fluid that fills much of the eye, helps maintain curve of cornea

Front 6

subjective assessment of eye

Back 6

any visual difficulty (decreased acuity, blurring of vision?)

pain?

strabismus? diplopia?

watering of eyes, discharge or redness?

any history of eye problems?

use of glasses or contact lenses?

floaters?

blind spots?

Front 7

scotoma

Back 7

blind spot surrounded by an area of normal or decreased vision, occurs with glaucoma and optic nerve disorders

Front 8

photophobia

Back 8

inability to tolerate light

Front 9

diplopia

Back 9

perception of two images of single object

Front 10

strabismus

Back 10

deviation in the axis of the eye

Front 11

presbyopia

Back 11

decrease in the power of accomodation with aging, is suggested when the person moves the card farther away

due to glasslike, hard lens

Front 12

nystagmus

Back 12

fine, oscillating movement best seen around the iris. Occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, mutiple sclerosis, or brain lesions

Front 13

hyperthyroidism

Back 13

lid lag and severe exophthalmos

Front 14

exophthalmos

Back 14

protruding eyes

Front 15

enophthalmos

Back 15

sunken eyes

Front 16

pallor of lower lid

Back 16

may indicate anemia

Front 17

scleral icterus

Back 17

even yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice

Front 18

eye exam - inspection

Back 18

general apperance

conjunctiva

lacrimal gland

sclera

Front 19

ptosis

Back 19

drooping of upper lid

Front 20

edema causes

Back 20

hypothyroidism, renal failure, CHF

Front 21

sagging causes

Back 21

myostemia gravis, ocular motor cranial nerve damage

Front 22

further eye inspection

Back 22

1. orbital area

2. eyelids

3. conjuctivae and sclera

4. corneal clarity

5. iris

6. pupils

7. pupillary light reflex

Front 23

conjunctivae

Back 23

clear and show the normal color of pink over the lower lids and white over the sclera with no change, swelling or lesions

Front 24

presence of excessive tearing of lacrimal apparatus

Back 24

may indicate blockage of nasolacrimal duct. press index finger against sac just inside the lower orbital rim

Front 25

arcus senilis

Back 25

commonly seen around the cornea. grey white arc or circle around the limbus due to deposition of lipid material. may look thickened or raised but no effect on vision

Front 26

iris

Back 26

colored part. acts as a diaphragm

Front 27

pupils

Back 27

round, regular, equal, 3-5 mm

Front 28

pupillary light reflex

direct light reflex

consensual light reflex

Back 28

darken room, focus on far object, shine light from the side results in

1- constriction of the same sided pupil (direct light reflex) and

2 - simultaneous constriction of other pupil (consensual light reflex)

Front 29

accomodation

Back 29

adjustment of eye to various distances

test by having patient look at a further object, then a closer object and look for pupillary constriction and convergence of the axis of the eyes

Front 30

convergence

Back 30

eyes move inward as object gets closer

Front 31

PERRLA

Back 31

pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation

Front 32

distance person stood from chart

Back 32

visual acuity denominator

Front 33

cataract formations

Back 33

1/3 age related vision loss
lens opacity
resulting from clumping of proteins in the lens

Front 34

glaucoma

Back 34

2/3 causes of age related vision loss
increased intraocular pressure
gradual loss of peripheral vision is common= chronic open angle glaucoma

Front 35

macular degeneration

Back 35

3/3 causes of age related vision loss
breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina
loss of central vision
common cause of blindness

Front 36

scleral icterus

Back 36

even yellowing of sclera extending up to the cornea indicating jaundice

Front 37

anisocoria

Back 37

pupils of 2 different sizes

Front 38

ocular fundus

Back 38

internal surface of the retina

Front 39

media

Back 39

anterior chamber, lens, vitreous

Front 40

red reflex

Back 40

caused by reflection of ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina