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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what are the normal changes in the aging eye? eyelids and lacrimal structures?
loss of skin elasticity and orbital fat: decreased muscle tone: development of wrinkles
what are the refractice changes ; presbyopia?
Lens cannot readily accommodate with aging;
opacities
the state of being opaque. an opaque area or spot. the ratio of incident light to transmitted light in a specific area or on a radiograph.
presbyopia
the permanent lossof accommodation of the crystaline lens of the eye that occurs when people are in their mid-40's. inability to maintain focus on objects held near to the eye.
cataracts
lens develops opacities
posterior vitreous detachment
liquefaction and shrinkage of vitreous body
finding in posterior vitreous detatchment
client reports light flashes, cobwebs, and floaters
age-related macular degeneration
yellowish aging spots in the retina appear and coalesce( to fuse or run together) in the macula
sclera
white of the eye
iris
highly vascular, pigmented portion of the eye surrounding the pupil
pupil
is an opening that dilates and constricts in response to light.
myopia
nearsightedness
astigmatism
cross eyed
ptosis
drooping eyelid
hyperopia
farsightedness
when is a person considered legally blind
20/200
pupil
dark center of the eye that dialtes and contracts to adjust to dark and light
cornea
the transparent part of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil. a tear cilm normally coats the cornea, keeping the eye moist
aqueous chamber
directly behind cornea . filled with clear fluid for the purpose of maintaiensning the pressure of the eye
lens
the transparent, dual convex body which focuses light rays onto the retina. it is normally capable of changing shape to allow the eye to focus on both near and distant images.
retinal cell layers
the membrane on the inner wall of the eyeball whcih receives the image from the lens and converts it into nerve impulses
sclera
white, dense, fibrous outer coating of the eyeball
optic nerve
transmits nerve impulses from the retinal cell layers to the brain
tonometer
used to measure pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye for glocoma
sullen chart
chart used to measure visual acuity
opthalmoscopy
is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the back of the eye and other structures using a magnifying instrument and a light source. detects problems or diseases of the eye, such as retina problems.
what are some nursing interventions with a patient with sensory deficit?
1. achieve independance (goal)
2. assist with ADL's
3. Help a person walking by offering elbow.
4. talk in normal tones, identify self when entering room before proceeding with care.
signs and symptoms of eye trauma
eye is painful * vision may be blurred * client squeeze eyelids closed * diplopia * swelling and bleeding * black eye * hemorrahage in subconjunctival tissue * eye may appear to receede * change in size or shape of pupil * purulent drainage in conjuncitival sac.
diagnostic findings of eye trauma
staingin the surface with fluorescein dye identifies a foreign body or abrasion to the cornea * a slit-lamp exam provides magnification and light to visualize structures in the anterior and posterior segments. * radiography and cpmuted tomography help find a penetrating foreign body * a radiograph confirms an orbitial fracture
astigmatism
defect of the curvature of the cornea and lens producing refractive errors.
strabismus
cross eyed
how to do an irrigation to a person with a chemical splash (what side does the patient lie on)
open eyelid and wash with copious water.
teach pt. how to put in eyedrops
1. wash hands thouroughly
2. pull the tissue near the cheek downward, formng a sac in the lower lid
3. tilt head slightly back and toward the eye in which the meds is to be installed
4. do not touch tip of container on eye
5. instill the number of gtts.
6. close eye gently
7. wipe away excess
8/ secrire dressomg tp face with tape and eyeshield
9/ do not rub eye
corneal scratches and foreign objects are detected by using what?
fluroscein dye
what is the purpose of an eye shield when they are used?
additional protection, especially at night
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva. "pinkeye"
what causes conjuncitivitis
bacterial, viral or rickettsial infection.. air transmission or direct contact. allergic reaactions or foreign bodies in the eye
medications for conjuncitivitis
anitibiotic or antiviral ointments or drops. warm soaks or sterile saline if allergies, antihistamines
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid. usually staph
what is blepharitis caused from
hypersecretion of sabacious glands
how blepharitis treated
topical anitbiotic ointment
sty (Hordeolum)
inflammation and infetion fo the zeis or moss gland a type of oil gland at the edge of the eyelid
causes of hordeolum?
staphlococcus aureus is most common cause of sty. microorganisms multiply in the oil gland
treatment of hordeolum?
warm soalks and topical antibiotic
chalazion
a cyst of one or more meibomian glands
what causes chalazion?
when the meibomian glands becomes obstructed and the release of sebaceious secretions is blocked.
medical mgmt for chalazion
warm soalk and massage the surrounding area. if cyst firm or becomes infected then surgury is required.
macular degneration
breakdown or damage to the macula.
patho of macular degneration
more common in aging adults. dry type- the outer layer sof the retina break down over a long period of time and yellowish spots (drusen) are apparent on the retina.when the drusen form on the macula then blurred vision occurs.
medical mgmt for dry macular degeneration
no treatment or cure
wet type of macular degeneration
stem from opeingin between one of the membranous layers of the retina and the choroid. serous fluid seeps into the separation, like a blister, and elevates and area of the retina. blood vessels grow into the defect and produce a subretinal hemorrhage. after the bleed, scar tissue forms
medical mgmt for wet macular degeneration
phoocoagularion to seal the serous leak and destroy the encroachment of blood vessels in the area.
Photodynamic therapy used to reduce the proliferation of blood vessels.
glaucoma -
secondary to other eye disorders. congeintal . older than 40.
open angle glaucoma
when structure s in the draingage system dengenerate and exit channels for aqueous fluid become blocked. as the iop rises, it causes edema of the cornea, atrophy of nerve fivers in the peripheral areas of the retina and degeneration of the optic nerve.
symptoms of open angle glaucoma
many have no symptoms. little eye discomfort and occasional and temporary blurred visio, halos around lights, reduced peripheral vision and the feeling that their eyeglass prescription needs to be changed
treatment of glaucoma open angle
can be controlled with miotics (Miostgat and Pilocar) which constrict the pupil.
closed angle glaucoma
anatomically narrow angle at the junction where the irirs meets the cornea.
symptoms of closed angled glaucoma
eyes are rock hard, painful and sightless. nausea and vomitting may occur
surgical pts. with glaucoma
iridectomy(section of the iris is removed), laser trabeculoplasty(burn hole in iris to increas areas for drainage) and corneal trephine(
closed angle glaucoma is an emergency
vision can be lost within 1-2 days
cataracts
condition in which the lens of the eye becomes opaque
symptoms of cataracts
halo around lights. difficulty reading, changes in color vision, glaring of objects and distortion of objects
med treatment of cataracts
surgically removed . the lens is removed
how do you care for post surgical pt./
tell client avoid coughing or sneeing
2. give antiemetics if nausea
3. patch both eyes and give dilating drugs to keep from squinting
4. tell client to avoid lying on the operative side, bending or lifting
5. adminster stool softners
retinal detatchment
sensory layer becomes separated from the pigmented layer of the retina
risk factors of retinal detatchment
sudden blow, penetrating injury or eye surgery. tumors, hemorrhage in front of or behind the retina, and loss of vitreous fluid . advanced diabetic changes in the retin
signs and symptoms of retinal detatchment
gaps in visionor blind spots. sensation as being drawn over their field of visionand often see flashes of light. see spots moving, floaters.
medical mangement of retianl detatchemtn
pneumatic retinopexy. client must recline for about 16hrs to allow seperated retina fall back toward the choird.
surgivcal : cryosurgury, electrodiathermy, laser reattatchment.
external otitis
inflammation of the tissue in the outer ear *swimmers ear
finding of external otitis
external ear looks red. discomfort that increases with manipulation. fever and lymph nodes behind ear enlarged
treatment of external otitis
warm soaks, analgesics, antibiotic ear meds.
middle ear otitis
acute inflammatio or infection in the middle ear
labryinthisis
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