Extra Stuff For Bio Test

Front 1

characteristics of animals
cell walls yes or no?
what types of tissue do they have

Back 1

all animals are multicellular organisms
feed by ingestion
lack cell walls, bodies held together by structural proteins embedded in tissues and between cells
presence of nervous adn muscle tissue
reproduce sexually

Front 2

plants
what type of seed bearing organisms were the first to have vascular tissue

Back 2

transition from dominant gamete to spore stage
vascular tissue for water and nutrient transport
gymnosperms first to have vascular tissue, seeds allowed for reproduction without water
angiosperms were first to have flowers and fruits, reproduction began to happen with help of pollination from wind/animals

Front 3

fungi

what are their uses?
are they multicellular or unicellular?
how do they reproduce

Back 3

important and often coveted food source
used in production of antibiotics and medicines
decomposers consume all manner of dead things
can be unicellular and multicellular
may have more than one nucleus/ cell walls not completely closed
exhibit more than one nucleus/ cell walls not completely closed
exhibit both sexual and aesexual stages in reproduction

Front 4

taxonomy... just explain what it is

Back 4

phylogeny- evolutionary history of an organism
taxonomy- iding, naming and classification of species
taxonomic organization- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
scientific name- unique two part name for an organism, genus and species

Front 5

four main types of organic molecules

Back 5

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Front 6

carbohydrates

Back 6

contain mostly carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Front 7

lipids

Back 7

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; contain more stored energy, long term energy storage

Front 8

proteins

Back 8

building blocks of life make up bones, muscles, fight invasions, shape of protein is what determines funciton; amino acids are monomer and proteins are polymers

Front 9

nucleic acids

Back 9

store info and nucleotides are monomer nucleic acids are polymer DNA and RNA

Front 10

5 characteristics of living things

Back 10

life is organized from small to big, cell is th esmallest unit of life
livin gthings need energy and acquire energy
they build new structure and develop
they repair old structure
living things reproduce on their own

Front 11

stabilizing selection

Back 11

intermediate phenotype favored extreme phenotypes less fit, average doesn't change and variation drop

Front 12

directional selection

Back 12

the most fit phenotypes survive

Front 13

disruptive selection

Back 13

extreme phenotypes favored

Front 14

mycology

Back 14

study of fungi and fungal systematic s

Front 15

plasmogamy

Back 15

fusion of hyphae not nuclei of two parent mycelia, fusion of cytoplasm

Front 16

karyogamy

Back 16

fusion of nuclei after hyphae fusion

Front 17

mycelium

Back 17

interwoven mass of threadlike filaments that form the body of most fungi

Front 18

invertebrates exhibit 3 trends

Back 18

centralizaiton
cephalizaiton- nervous tissue become concentrated towards one end of the organism
specialization

Front 19

3 domains of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 19

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

Front 20

eukarya consists of what four kingdoms

Back 20

plants animals fungi protists

Front 21

horizontal gene transfer

Back 21

bacteria can transfer genetic material directly into another species

Front 22

microbes

Back 22

most abundant organisms on earth
they are genetically diverse, more than 500000 identified types

Front 23

plasmid

Back 23

circular DNA molecule that carries genetic information for specific functions

Front 24

transduction

Back 24

when a kind of virus call bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell

Front 25

transformation

Back 25

the process by which bacterial cells scavenge DNA from their environment

Front 26

photoautotrophs

Back 26

bacteria that use energy from the sunlight

Front 27

chemoautotrophs

Back 27

extract energy from inorganic substances

Front 28

photoheterotrophs

Back 28

use light to generate ATP but gain carbon from organic molecules

Front 29

chemoheterotrophs

Back 29

consume organic molecules for energy and carbon d

Front 30

systematics

Back 30

reconstructing a phylogeny

Front 31

taxonomy

Back 31

identifying naming and classifyying species

Front 32

what organisms have developed various ways to resist antibiotics

Back 32

bacteria and other microbes

Front 33

speciation

Back 33

process by which new species form

Front 34

allopatric speciation

Back 34

species form in geographic separation from each other

Front 35

sympatric speciation

Back 35

species form in the same geographic area

Front 36

prezygotic barriers

Back 36

mechanisms that prevent mating
o Geographic isolation, habitat isolation, mechanical
isolation

Front 37

post zygotic

Back 37

Mechanisms that prevent formation of successful hybrids

Front 38

similarities and differences between bacteria and arachaea

Back 38

 Two of the three domains of living organisms
 Both lack membrane bound organelles, and circular DNA,
reproduce asecually by budding and binary fission
 Different composition of cell walls,structure of plasma membrane, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, etc.
both prokaryotic

Front 39

plant phylogenetics- evolution of four groups of organisms

Back 39

(4)angiosperms- Haploid- one set of DNa
Diploid- two sets of DNA
Triploid cell- 3 sets of DNA
(3)gymnosperms- no double fertilization
(1)bryophytes- moss hornworts, liverworts,
(2)seeless vascular plants- vascular structure/tissue

Front 40

differences between exons and introns

Back 40

exons- the part of the DNA sequencee that is translated
introns- repetitive regions that are not translated

Front 41

arthropods- different types of adn characteristics

Back 41

( cnidarians, flastworms, roundworms, annelids-segmented worms, mollusk, echinoderms- marine animals, sponges)
- invertebrate, exoskeleton made of chitin, joint appendages, spiders and insects are most, protostomes- front forms first, SEGMENTED BODIES

Front 42

prokaryotes

Back 42

Structure
o Flagellum or cilia (for mobility)
 Shape
o Rod
o Spherical o Corkscrew
 Endospore Formation

Front 43

hydrophobic vs hydrophillic

Back 43

phobic- water fearing molecules
phillic- water loving molecules

Front 44

bioremediation

Back 44

Bioremediation – the use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, or soil

Front 45

protista

Back 45

eukarya that isn’t a plant, animal, or
fungus.
 Red, brown and green algal protists.
 Chlorophyta – green algae that is generally awuatic in
freshwater enviornments. Likely the ancestor to land
plants.
 Choanoflagellida – most like the ancestor of the animals (sponges)
Fungal protists-

Front 46

tracheophytes

Back 46

(Vascular plants)
 Ferns and Fern Allies

Front 47

sporatophytes

Back 47

(seed plants)
 Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
 Sporophyte = dominant generation
 Gametophyte dependent upon and attached to sporophyte and
continues to reduce
 Seeds
 Water is not needed for fertilization o Pollen
 wood

Front 48

stomata

Back 48

any of the pores on the epidermis that allow gases to flow through

Front 49

gymnosperms

Back 49

Single fertilization
 Diploid endosperm
o Uniparental female gametophyt
 Mainly woody plants that include
 Oldest living trees: bristlecone pine, 5000 yrs old
 Gametophyte muilticeluar, live in cones and are dependant
on sporophyte
 The seeds of the gymnosperm lack a protective enclosure unlike angiosperms
 Have a more efficient vascular system
 Xylem – wood of a tree (where the water flows)
 Phloem – inner bark of the tress
 Wood is formed from secondary growth

Front 50

angiosperms

Back 50

Efficient water transport (photosynthesis)  Efficient reproductive structures
 Insect pollination:
 Mammal dispersal of fruits/seeds  Double fertilization
 Triploid endosperm
o Biparental

Front 51

passive transport

Back 51

flow from high concentration to low concentration- diffusion of sugar molecules GOING FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION

Front 52

characteristics of fungi

Back 52

Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.
 DON’T photosynthesis
 Cell wall is made up of chitin
 Filamentous
 5-6 major divisons of fungi
 obtain their nutrients from other organisms
 primary role in decomposition, some are parasitic and
feed on live organisms

Front 53

plasmogamy

Back 53

fusion of Hyphae not nuclei

Front 54

KARYOgamy

Back 54

Karyogamy: fusion of nuclei after hyphal fusion

Front 55

purpose of ATP

Back 55

gives energy needed for active transport

Front 56

animalia characteristicsw

Back 56

 Multicellular, geterotrophic eukaryotes
 Feed by ingestion
 Lack cell walls – bodies held together by structural
proteins embedded in tissues
 Presence of nervous and muscle tissue
 Reproduce sexually

Front 57

hox genes

Back 57

modulate what genes are turned on and off which in the
end determines what kind of animal is developed. Many genes are
the same or similar in all animals in the beginning

Front 58

diff between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Back 58

1. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic compounds. Respiration used organic compound to free energy for cellular use.

2. Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases the light and dark reactions. Respiration in three phases glycolysis, Krebs and the ETS.

3. Photosynthesis uses NADP to carry hydrogen ions while respiration uses NAD+.

4. Photosynthesis uses the products of respiration (carbon dioxide and water) to form sugar and oxygen.

5. Photosynthesis needs chlorophyll and respiration does not.

6. Parts of Photosynthesis can only occur during the daylight and respiration occurs all the time.
glucose> energy and CO2

Front 59

2 mendel laws of inheritance

Back 59

segregation- states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.

independent assortment- all genes develop independently of each other

Front 60

exceptions two mendel's

Back 60

linkage- genes that are on the same chromosome, do NOT develop independently
co-dominance
incomplete dominance
nondisjunction- when chromosomes pull apart from each other

Front 61

ajist of the differnece between mitosis and meiosis

Back 61

one parent cell turns into two daughter cells
one diploid parent cell turns into 4 daughter cells

Front 62

apoptosis

Back 62

cell that is designed to self destruct

Front 63

histones

Back 63

proteins that bond DNA

Front 64

bryophytes

Back 64

land plants w/ no vascular tissue

Front 65

hyphae

Back 65

threadlike filaments that make up mycelium which makes up fungi

Front 66

cell theory

Back 66

all cells are created from preexisting cellsand all organisms are made form one or more cells

Front 67

somatic cells

Back 67

cells that do not reproduce

Front 68

telomere

Back 68

compound structure at the end of a chromosome, counts how many times a cell is divided

Front 69

apoptosis

Back 69

cell that is designed to self destruct

Front 70

vacuole

Back 70

functions as a trash bin in animal cells

Front 71

sirl karl popper argued tha t

Back 71

falsification is required when making a rigorous hypothesis

Front 72

what maeks carbon so important to baiss of life

Back 72

ability to share electrons, incomplete valence shell

Front 73

where does DNA carry its infomation

Back 73

in its sequence of bases

Front 74

lowest level of life that can performall the functions of life

Back 74

a cell

Front 75

pilli

Back 75

specialized structure in prokaryotes that helps prokaryotes bond to the surface of organisms

Front 76

flagellum

Back 76

helps some bacteria propel themselves through liquid, with its tail like structure acting as a whip

Front 77

the rer is the portion of the er that has

Back 77

ribosomes attached to it

Front 78

overall shape of a cell is determined by what ?

Back 78

cytoskeleton

Front 79

osmosis versus diffusion

Back 79

watergoing from area of low to high concentration

material going from area of high to low concentration

Front 80

9. Which by-product of photosynthesis was important in altering the atmosphere of the earth so that aerobic organisms could evolve?

Back 80

oxygen

Front 81

product of photosynthesis

Back 81

oxygen

Front 82

cellular respiration

Back 82

energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.

Front 83

to get from a gene to a protein two processes must occu r
transcription:
translation

Back 83

a copy of the gene's sequence of bases is made; that copy is used to direct the production of an amino acid

Front 84

nucleotide

Back 84

contain sugar/ base/phosphate, building blocks of nucleic acid

Front 85

The Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called:

Back 85

interphase

Front 86

four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle

Back 86

mitosis, Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2

Front 87

How many sex chromosomes does the normal human female inherit from her mother?

Back 87

1

Front 88

is 10. The ABO blood type system in humans, is it an example of codominance or multiple allelism

Back 88

yes an example of both

Front 89

genomic imprintin g

Back 89

A pattern of transmission where all offspring have the same phenotype as their mother is consistent with which type of non-Mendelian
inheritance?

Front 90

what is one way that In females, the contribution of the fathers X-­‐chromosomes is inactivated by

Back 90

epigenetic markers aka stop sequences

Front 91

purpose of plant hormones

Back 91

signal specific tissues of the plant to respond in a specific way C) convey information about the physiological state of the plant

Front 92

When the sun is low in the sky, the amount of solar radiation received at the spot where the sun is observed:

Back 92

*A) is lower than when the sun is high in the sky because the same amount of solar radiation is being spread
over a larger area.

Front 93

competitive exclusion principle

Back 93

*C) no two species competing for the same resources can stably coexist.

Front 94

origin of all genetic variation

Back 94

mutation

Front 95

FEATURES that are inherited from a common ancestor

Back 95

are referred to as homologous features

Front 96

Spherical bacteria are known as:

Back 96

cocci

Front 97

conjugation

Back 97

a bacterium transfers a copy of some its DNA via an extrachromosomal plasmid to another bacterium.

Front 98

how do prokaryotes reproduce

Back 98

binary fission- aesexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes

Front 99

new challenge plants faced in moving to land that they had not faced in their aquatic environment?

Back 99

dessication- extreme dryness

Front 100

endosperm

Back 100

a food-storing tissue of the seed

Front 101

Each angiosperm pollen grain contains how many sperm cells?

Back 101

two

Front 102

ffemale parts of a flower

Back 102

stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.

Front 103

Lichens result from the

Back 103

symbiosis of fungus and moss/cyanobacterium

Front 104

all animals:

but are not

Back 104

share a common ancestor
are heterotrophic

possessing true tissues

Front 105

most ancient branching point for phylogeny of animals

Back 105

true tissues