Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Osteokinematics
|
Study of gross motions of body parts relative to one another (abduction, internal rotation)
|
|
|
Arthrokinematics
|
Study of motions that take place between the articular surfaces and related joint structures, especially during movement (down glide, roll)
|
|
|
gen
|
produce, originate
|
|
|
hom
|
common, same
|
|
|
-oid
|
looks like
|
|
|
contracture
|
when muscles tighten up and you cannot relax it
|
|
|
idiopathic
|
you don't know what the cause is
|
|
|
syndrome
|
several symptoms combined together
|
|
|
valgum
|
distal part is further away from the mid-line than the proximal part
|
|
|
varum
|
proximal part is further away from the mid-line than the distal part
|
|
|
Classification of joints (structure)
|
-fibrous (sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis)
-cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis) -synovial |
|
|
classification of joints (movement)
|
--synarthrosis: non-movable (F: sutures, gomphosis C: synchondrosis)
--amphiarthrosis: semi-movable (F: syndesmosis C: symphysis, interveterbral disc) --diarthrosis: movable (synovial) |
|
|
syndesmosis (fibrous joint)
|
bones bound together by connective tissue or ligaments (inferior tibi-fibular joint, sternum-clavicle and acromion-clavicle)
|
|
|
Cartilaginous joints
|
Characterized by presence of uninterrupted cartilage between bones of joint
|
|
|
synchondrosis
|
C joint
--hyaline cartilage: usually temporary structures that disappear during growth process. (epiphyseal plate) |
|
|
synovial joints
|
-monaxial: one plane (hinge and pivot)
-biaxial: two planes (gliding, condyloid, saddle) -triaxial: 3 or more planes (ball and socket) |
|
|
What determines how well a muscle does what it does?
|
size and angle of pull
|
|
|
isomeric muscular contraction
|
contraction in which the muscle length remains constant. It can vary in tension
|
|
|
Isotonic contraction
|
contraction in which the muscle tension (force of contraction) remains relatively constant but the muscle length changes
|
|
|
arthrokinematics (2 shapes)
|
Ovoid: convex or concave
Sellar or saddle: convex in one plane and concave at approx. right angles to the convex |
|
|
Convex joint moving on a concave joint
|
roll and glide: opposite directions
|
|
|
concave on convex joint
|
roll and glide: same direction
|
|
|
open chain
|
distal segment has no resistance to overcome the elasticity of the joint capsules. (it can move independently--moving the leg at the hip with a straight leg...the ankle can still move freely) (elbow flexion can be performed with wrist in extension or flexion)
|
|
|
closed chain
|
distal segment (wall, floor) meets with sufficient resistance to overcome elasticity of joint capsules.
Motion in one joint will affect motions at other joints in a predictable way --ex: Ankle DF leads to knee flexion, hip flexion during a squat, or doing a push up |
|
|
Effective Muscular component
|
EMC = muscle force x (muscle segment length x sin (angle))
EMC = MF x (MSL x sin (angle)) |
|
|
Effective Resistive Component
|
ERC = resistive force x (resistive segment length x sin (angle))
ERC = RF x (RSL x sine (angle)) |
|
|
EMC = ERC
|
Static (isometric) contraction
|
|
|
EMC > ERC
|
Concentric Contraction
|
|
|
EMC < ERC
|
eccentric contraction
|
|
|
muscle forces (rotary and non-rotary component)
|
Rotary component: perpendicular to the bone, the force acting to turn the bone
Non-rotary component: parallel to the bone, the force acting to distract or compress the joint cos (angle) = adj/hyp |
|
|
how many vertebrae and curves
|
33 vertebrae
4 curves -Cervical lordosis -thoracic kyphosis -lumbar lordosis -sacral kyphosis |
|
|
C-spine facets
|
45 degrees to frontal plane
-flexion/extension but prevents simple rotation or side flexion without both occurring to some degree together COUPLED MOVEMENT |
|
|
coupled movement: type 1
|
"loose packed" (neutral mechanics)
-sidebending and rotation to opposite sides |
|
|
coupled movement: type 2
|
"close packed" (non-neutral mechanics)
-trunk moves functionally -sidebending and rotation to same sides |
|
|
Vladimir Janda
|
muscle imbalance...where there is a strong muscle there is a weak muscle
-postural muscles tend to get tight, and phasic ones tend to get weak |
|
|
upper crossed syndrome
|
-tightening of upper trapezius, levator, stenocleidomastoid, and pectoralis muscles
-inhibition (weakening) of deep cervical flexors, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior. ==produces elevation and protraction of shoulder and rotation and abduction of the scapula, FHP (forward head posture) |
|
|
lower crossed syndrome
|
tightening of erector spinae and iliposoas
-inhibition of abdominals and gluteal muscles ==increased lumbar lordosis, increased thoracic kyphosis, and a compensatory increase in cervical lordosis to keep head and eyes level |
|
|
functions of vertebral body
|
-transmits body weight
-provides flexible structure upon muscles can act -provides attachment -limits ROM -absorbs shock |
|
|
Dowager's hump
|
post menopausal osteoporosis
-more in women -why kyphosis? facet orientation in thoracic vert. |
|
|
Gibbus
|
wedging of vertebrae due to pathology (thoracic spine pathology)
|
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
ossification of joints of the spine because of inflammation (no movement possible)
|
|
|
scheuermann's disease
|
osteochondrosis of secondary ossification centers of vertebral bodies (disease that affects progress of bone growth by killing bone)
|
|
|
Nonstructural scoliosis
|
-Easily corrected once cause is removed
-postural scoliosis -compensatory scoliosis (sciatica, leg length discrepancy) |
|
|
Transient structural scoliosis
|
-sciatic scoliosis
-hysterical scoliosis -inflammatory scoliosis |
|
|
What things are classified as Structural scoliosis?
|
CAN'T GET RID OF IT
-idiopathic (80%) -congenital: present at birth -neuromuscular: both nerves and muscles -neurofibromatosis: genetic disorder -mesenchymal disorders -trauma: fractures |
|
|
treatment for scoliosis
|
-curve < 25°, no treatment is required, and the child can be reexamined every four to six months.
-curve is more then 25° but less than 30°, a back brace may be used for treatment. -Curves more than 45° will need to be evaluated for the possibility of surgical correction. ---fusing vertebrae together to correct the curvature ---may require inserting rods next to the spine to reinforce the surgery. |
|
|
Milwaukee Brace
|
wear 23 hours..keeps the spine straight
|
|
|
boston brace
|
does nothing for rotation, helps to correct side bending
|
|
|
Charleston brace
|
wear @ night, makes you side bend
|
|
|
Intervertebral Fibrocartilages
|
- are the (23) chief bonds of connection between the vertebrae
- comprise approximately 20 - 25% of the total length of the vertebral column (more in L-spine, least in T-spine; at birth 50%) - vary in shape, size and thickness in the different parts of the vertebral column |
|
|
Functions of Intervertebral fibrocartilages
|
-Bind together the vertebral bodies
-Permit movement within the segment -Transmit loads across the segment |
|
|
What are the three distinct tissues in the discs?
|
-annulus fibrosus
-nucleus pulposus -vertebral endplates |
|
|
Annulus Fibrosus characteristics
|
-outer circumference of disc is made up of 15-25 concentric rings of collagenous fibers that criss-cross each other at an angle of approx. 30-60 degrees to the spinal axis (Type I collagen primarily)
-Contains and pre-stresses nucleus |
|
|
Annulus fibrosus functions
|
-Contain the hydrostatic pressure of the nucleus = “tensile structure”, designed to withstand high circumferential “hoop stress” (radially oriented) when disc is loaded
-redistribute compressive forces within the spine -permit deformation |
|
|
Nucleus Pulposus
|
- is the central portion of the disc (except L-spine; post.)
- it is a loose collagen fibril network contained within an extensive gelatinous matrix (primarily Type II collagen) - at birth the nucleus contains a high portion of mucopolysaccharides (proteoglycans), with age that decreases and is replaced by collagen (degeneration begins to occur after age 20) |
|
|
Nucleus Pulposus functions
|
- Imbibition (taking up and holding fluid); if released from confining annulus, is able to swell up 200-300% in hours!
- Transmission of force: its incompressibility is responsible for transmitting much weight across the spinal segment - Equalization of stress: hydrostatic property of transmitting forces equally in all directions - Nutrition: only the periphery of the disc is vascularized, receives nourishment from diffusion from the periphery of the annulus and the vertebral endplate - Movement: provides “rocking” action to movement |
|
|
Vertebral Endplate characteristics
|
- consists of thin layers of primarily hyaline cartilage which cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
- the endplates which are approximately 1 mm thick allow nutrient transport in and out of the discs primarily by passive diffusion |
|
|
Schmorl's nodes (Vertebral Endplate)
|
nucleus protruding into the vertebral body through fissures in the end-plates (if nucleus is less compressible than cancellous bone), sign of Scheuermann’s disease
|
|
|
pure compression
|
(no twisting, no bending) = compressive force transmitted through vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
|
|
|
lumbar motion: forward bending
|
-Vertebra rocks over nucleus
-Facets slide up – 40% displacement -Anterior disc is loaded and annulus bulges anteriorly -Posterior disc is drawn taut and may become convave -Nucleus deforms posteriorly |
|
|
Lumbar motion: backward bending
|
-Vertebra rocks over nucleus
-Facets slide down and contact the lamina below -Posterior disc is loaded and annulus bulges posteriorly -Anterior disc is drawn taut -Nucleus distorts anteriorly -With continued bb facets become a fulcrum, the disc space undergoes distraction |
|
|
Lumbar spine pathologies
|
-Spondylosis (degeneration of the IVdisc)
-Spondylolysis (defect in the pars interarticularis or the arch of the vertera) -Spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of one vertebra over another) -Retrolisthesis (backward displacement of one vertebra on another) -HNP |
|
|
thoracic spine rib movements
|
1-6: pump handle, antero-posterio direction
7-10: bucket handle, lateral (transverse) direction 8-12: caliper, lateral |
