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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress |
what we experience when we face challenges (stressors) in our lives |
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Biological sources of stress |
-substance abuse -nutritional execess |
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Psychological sources of stress |
-perfectionistic attitudes -obsessiveness -compulsiveness -need for control |
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Interpersonal sources |
-lack of social skills -shyness -insecurity -loneliness |
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Environmental sources |
-Noise -Temperature
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Health Consequences of Chronic Stress |
-stroke -heart disease -metabolic disease -GI disorders -Ulcers -Reproductive Issues -Common Cold -Memory disruptions -Sleep disruptions - |
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How did we begin to understand that TOO MUCH stress is bad? |
-Hans Selye -Chased rats w/ broom, they got stressed -Rats exposed to these conditions got sick ---peptic ulcers ---enlarged adrenal glands ---atrophied immune tissues |
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Stress Response |
-activation of the sympathetic nervous system when a real or perceived threat is encountered -the amygdala initiates the stress response by activating HPA axis -HPA axis= Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland/Adrenal Glands --Adrenal glands=adrenal cortex+adrenal medulla --Adrenal cortex -> cortisol --Adrenal medulla -> catecholamines -Cortisol and catecholamines prepare body to handle stressor (fight or flight)
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Fight or Flight Response |
-Muscles need energy NOW!! --rapid mobilization of energy -> increase blood glucose --HR, BP, breathing rate increase to transport glucose , oxygen -Pain blunted cognitive, sensory skills enhanced -Digestion, growth, reproduction, immunity suppresed |
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Homeostasis |
keeping the body in balance |
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Allostasis |
the process of achieving stability through change |
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Allostatic load |
-the cost of coping/ adapting to a stressor or wear and tear on the brain and body --its hard to fix one problem without knocking something else out of balance *w/ chronic stress, the body has to work HARD to maintain allostasis* |
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Perception______physical state |
the individuals ______ or interpretation of a situation can impact the stress response, as can the ___________ of the body itself |
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Cross Stressor Adaptation Hypothesis |
-Stressor of sufficient intensity and/or duration will induce adaptation of the stress response systems --remember exercise is stressful to our bodys --also remember some stress is GOOD -thus exercise can be viewed as a familiar challenge and should influence the stress response to other types of stressors |
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Measures of stress |
-Self report ----Perceived stress scale (PSS) -Cardiovascular measures ----HR & BP -Hormonal Measures ----Catecholamines and Cortisol |
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Physiological Toughness |
regular but not constant experience with stressors (ex. reg exercise) results in physiological adaptations that lead to --Adaptive performance in challenge/threat --emotional stability --enhancement of immune system function --greater stress tolerance
Psychophysiological element --"tough" appraise stressor as a challenge-> catecholamine response->> energy --"untough" appraise stressor as threat -> cortisol response ->> tension |
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Mental Health |
"successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity" |
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Mental illness |
collectively, all diagnosable mental disorders |
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Mental disorders |
-alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior -distress and/or impaired functioning |
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Anxiety |
the pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances in mood, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity |
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Clinical anxiety |
-is distinguished from "normal" anxiety based on: ---number and intensity of symptoms ---degree of suffering and dysfunction ---unable to function normally |
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Clinical Anxiety |
-results in behavioral and cognitive changes -occurs even w/o an eliciting event -response is disproportionate and unmanageable -interferes with normal functioning |
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Clinical Anxiety Symptoms |
-unpleasant feelings -bodily symptoms from activation of SNS -change in cognitions -change in behavior -Vigilance |
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Chemical Imbalance |
neurotransmitters, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain regulate thought and feeling. when these chemicals have an imbalance, one can feel depressed or anxious |
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Panic Disorder |
intense fear and discomfort associated with physical and mental symptoms including: ---sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea --fear of dying or loss of control of emotions -induces urge to escape -frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder |
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Agoraphobia |
-Severe, pervasive anxiety when in situations perceived to be difficult to escape from, or complete avoidance of certain situations ( crowded areas, travel in bus or plane) - often seen after onset of panic disorder |
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Social Phobia |
-Marked, persistent anxiety in social situations (public speaking) --possibility of embarrassment or ridicule is crucial factor --Individual is preoccupied with concern that other will notice the anxiety systems (trembling, sweating, halting/rapid speech -accompanied by anticipatory anxiety days or weeks prior to feared event |
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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-individual perceives loss of control, thus acts on impulses or thoughts ---obsessions, such as recurrent thoughts or images that are perceived as inappropriate or forbidden ---compulsions, including behaviors or thoughts reduce anxiety associated with obsessions |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
-defined by worry lasting more than 6 months, along with multiple symptoms (muscle tension, poor, concentration, insomnia, irritability)
-anxiety and not worry not attributable to other conditions
-disorder has fluctuating course, including periods of increased symptoms, usually linked with life stressors |
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Postraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
-anxiety and behavioral disturbances following exposure to extreme trauma, which persist for more than one month -Dissociation= symptoms involving perceived detachment from emotional state or body is critical feature -Symptoms also include generalized anxiety, hyperarousal, avoidance of situations that trigger memories of trauma, recurrent thoughts |
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State Anxiety |
-transient -feelings of apprehension -heightened autonomic nervous system activity |
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Trait Anxiety |
-more general -apprehension, worry, and nervousness across many situations |
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Treatment |
-Medications -Psychotherapy -Limitations |
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Medications |
-tranquilizers -Antidepressants (SSRIs) |
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Psychotherapy |
-behavioral therapy -Cognitive behavioral therapy -relaxation training -biofeedback
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Limitations |
-expensive and time consuming -side effects -stigma |
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PA as PREVENTION of anxiety |
"overall, the evidence supports the idea that involvement in PA on a consistent basis serves to provide a buffer against anxiety symptoms and Disorders" |
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Aerobic Training |
benefits for state and trait anxiety |
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Strength Training |
-light to moderate intensity beneficial -vigorous intensity increase anxiety or no change |
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Acute exercise (single bout) |
-benefits for state anxiety -effects last of 2-4 hrs |
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Is exercise better than drugs? |
-drug treatment worked faster, but same effect as exercise at 10 wees -both drugs and exercise reduced frequency and intensity of panic attacks |
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Cognitive behavioral explanations |
-distraction /time out -expectancy hypothesis -mastery -social interaction |
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Physiological explanations |
-altered neurotransmission -stress hormones (HPA axis) -Thermogenic hypothesis |
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PTSD |
a mental health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event, either by experiencing it or witnessing it |
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Epidemiology of PTSD |
-of men who experience a traumatic event, 8% will develop PTSD -of women who experience a traumatic event, ~20% will experience PTSD |
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Causes of PTSD |
Men -Rape -Combat -Childhood Neglect -Physical Abuse
Women -Rape -Physical attack -threatened w/ weapon -physical abuse |
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Associations |
-increased risk of anxiety and depression -life experiences /severity of trauma -temperament -brain regulation of chemicals/ hormones --over reaction of catecholamines --causes hyper-reactive responses later |
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Symptoms of PTSD |
-night terrors -hyper vigilance -sleep disruptions -depression -risky behaviors -flashbacks -severe emotional/physical reactions -avoidance -irritability.anger -distractibility (1000 yard stare) -withdrawal -survivors guilt -suicide |
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Treatment of PTSD |
symptom management --mood stabilizers/ antidepressants --sleep aids
Pharmacological --beta blockers
-Cognitive behavioral training
-Exposure therapy
-EXERCISE AND PA!!!!
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Exercise and PTSD |
-moderate exercise to distract from disturbing emotion, build self esteem, and induce feelings of self-control |
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What is Depression? |
mood disorder characterized primarily by depressed mood OR loss of interest and pleasure |
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Mood Disorders |
-Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) -Biopolar Disorder -Dysthymia -Cyclothymia
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Dysthymia |
-Chronic form of depression -Fewer than five persistent symptoms -Duration of approximately 2 years for adults, approx. one year for children -increased susceptibility to major depression -seldom remits spontaneously |
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Bipolar Disorder |
One or more episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression --mania can range from pure euphoria/elation to irribililty --thoughts are grandiose or delusional --decreased need for sleep --easily distracted, with racing thoughts --excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that are likely to have painful consequences --higher familial prevalence
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Cyclothymia |
-marked by manic and depressive states, but of insufficient intensity/duration to diagnose as bipolar or major depressive -increased risk of developing bipolar disorder |
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MDD Comorbidities & Mortality |
-Cognitive impairment -Poor quality of life -Increased risk of ---Cardiovascular Disease ---Type II diabetes ---Alcohol and drug abuse ---Obesity ---Suicide |
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Suicide |
Every 13.7 min an American dies from suicide -105 deaths per day ->60% suffer from major depression
Suicide is 10th leading cause of death in US
Highest rates in: -Men -whites -ages 45-64 |
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MDD Prevalence |
-major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US for ages 15-44
-Lifetime prevalence: 16.2% ---women are 170% more likely than men to experience depression during their lifetime
-12-month prevalence: 6.7%
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What causes depression? |
-the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms suggests complex and varying psychological and physiological etiologies |
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What causes depression |
heterogeneity of depressive symptoms suggest complex and varying psychological and physiological etiologies |
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Factors associated with depression |
biological differences -changes in brain structure/function
Neurotransmitters -low levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Hormones Genetics Life events early childhood trauma
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Prefrontal cortex |
highest order mental functions -planning complex cognitive behavior, rational thinking, personality expression, decision making, social behavior |
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hippocampus |
learning and new memory formaiton |
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amygdala |
role in feeling and sensing others emotions, especially fear |
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depressed brain |
-prefrontal cortex volume decrease -hippocampal volume decrease -amygdala volume increase |
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Common treatment for depression |
-psychotherapy -drugs ---SSRIS ---Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAs) |
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Other treatment for depression |
-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) -transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) -bright light therapy |
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limitations of treaments |
-in large clinical trail only 47% patients responded to initial SSRI treatment and only 28% achieved remission -most require 2+ treatments to achieve remisison |
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Fitness in PREVENTION of depression |
study examining CRF and depressive symptoms --risk reduction of 31% men and 44% women in those with CRF --risk reduction of 51% men and 54% women in those with high CRF |
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DOSE study |
public health dose of PA effective for treating mild-moderate MDD
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SMILE study |
aerobic exercise as effective as drug treatments in adults |
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TREAD study |
exercise viable treatment for adults with MDD that do not respond to drugs |
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Physiological mechanisms prevention in depression |
-endorphin hypothesis -monoamine hypothesis -increase in growth factors -attenuation of HPA axis activity (decreased cortisol) -reduced inflammation -increased hippocampal neurogeneiss |
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Serious Mental Illness |
-Major Depression -schizophrenia -bipolar disorder -OCD -panic disorder -PTSD -borderline personality disorder |
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Schizophrenia |
characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction |
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DMS-V Diagnosis: Schizophrenia |
Two or more of the following during (1mo period) -delusions -hallucinations -disorganized speech -grossly disorganized -negative symptoms
Social/occupational dysfunction -one or more major areas of functioning are marked below the level achieved prior to onset
Duration of at least 6 months (w/ at leas 1 mo of sxs) |
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia |
-paranoid type -disorganized type -catonic type -undifferentiated type -residual type |
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Possible causes of schizophrenia |
Genetics --occurs in 10% of ppl who have first degree relative with it --occurs in 40-65% of ppl who have identical twin with it
Environment -genetics-environment interaciton
Brain Chemistry and Structure -imbalance in neurotransmitters -larger ventricles, less gray matter, less activity |
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Prevalence of Schizophrenia |
-approx 2.4 mill americans are affected -worldwide prevalence of 0.5% to 1.0% -both genders equally affected |
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Risk factors of schizophrenia |
-Family history -Complications of pregnancy and birth --Hypoxia --Prenatal infection -Older age of father -Taking psychoactive or psychotropic drugs in teen years and young adulthood |
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Comorbidities and Mortality of Schizophrenia |
Morbidity and mortality is 2-3 times higher -20% reduction in life expectancy
increased risk of -weight gain -depression -type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome -poor health habits -reduced CRF -suicide
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Treatment options for schizophrenia |
-antipsychotic medications -Psychosocial treatments |
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Typical antipsychotic meds |
-thorazine, haldol, etrafon, trialfon, prolixin -side effects: movement related- long term use can lead to tar dive dyskinesia
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Atypical antipsychotic meds |
-Clozril, risperdal, xyprexa, seroquel, geodon, abilify , invega -sides: drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision |
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Psychosocial treatments of Schizophrenia |
-useful once antipsychotics are taken -help person function and cope w daily challenges -can include family ed. -co-occurring substance abuse |
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Behavioral and Medication issues with severe mental illness |
-lower rates of health-promoting lifestyles --diet, PA, tobacco use --sedentary behavior
antipsychotic medication related to weight gain -higher rates of obesity
potential for exercise to have therapeutic effect |
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PA intervention for ppl w/ schizophrenia (deceases in psychiatric symptoms --20.7%) |
Mode --primarily cardiovascular exercise --also include muscle strength exercise for variation
Time --1 hr of exercise
Freq. --2x weekly for 6 months
Intensity -stepwise increase |
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Emotional Well-being |
a greater amount of positive affect than negative affect, along with favorable thoughts such as satisfacition with life |
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Emotion |
immediate and brief response to a specific stimulus that requires cognitive input
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Mood |
affective state influenced by overall disposition and by emotions |
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Defining Affect |
more general "valenced" réponse -good-bad or pleasure-displeasure feeling |
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Circumplex Model of Affect |
2 dimensions: -valence -activation
4quadrents: -pleasant-activated --excited, enthused -pleasant-unactivated --relaxed, calm -unpleasant-unactivated --fatigued, depressed -unpleasant activated --anxious, distressed
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Measures of mood/affect |
-profile of mode states (POMS)
-Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS)
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Profile of Mood States (POMS) |
-rate 65 adjectives according to how u feel on a 5 point scale |
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Positive and Negative affect schedule (PANAS) |
-20 item self report instrument based on two dimensions (pos and neg affect) along 5 point scale
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Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI) |
-12 item measure , 5 point scale -4 subscales: positive enagement, revitaliation, physical exhaustion, and tranquility |
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Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES)
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-12 item measure, 7 point scale -3 subscales: positive well being, psychological distress and fatigue |
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Feeling scale (FS) |
- 1 item, 11point continuum (ranging from -5 to +5) -measure of valence -designed for use during acute exercise bouts |
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Temporal Dynamics of Affective Responses |
-WHEN we measure affect is incredibly important --think about how u feel during, right after, and few hours after exercise |
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Pre/post exercise affect research |
following moderate intensity exercise --positively valenced affective states increase --negatively valenced affected states are either unchanged or reduced
following high intensity exercise, affective response depends on fitness level -in less fit individuals, negative affect may increase, positive affect decrease -in more fit individuals, still see increase in positive affect |
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In-task exercise response research |
-People feel better after exercise , but its how they feel during exercise that maybe part of the problem -affect gets progressively more negative as exercise intensity increases, thus moderate intensity exercise generally results in more positive affective changes |
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Overtraining and Staleness Syndrome |
Overtraining-> staleness syndrome (clinical depression in elite athletes
Staleness syndrome: increased negative mental health and poorer performance
- iceberg profile w/ overtrianing
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Exercise Dependence syndrome |
also called exercise addiction, excessive exercise, compulsive runner
-Primary ex dependence --execise is an end in itself
-Secondary exercise dependence --exercise is used exclusively to control body composition |
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Self- perception |
how we think and feel about ourselves, our attributes and our abilities |
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Self-concept |
-the way in which we see or define ourselves -"who i am"
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Self-esteem |
evaulate or affective consequence of one's self concept -how i feel about who i am |
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Measurement of ones body image |
-perceptual -cognitive -affective -behavioral |
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Perceptual measurement |
-assess the level of accuracy of judgment about the size of ones body parts or body as a whole
-look at real life photos that have been morphed to appear larger and smaller subject choose the one they feel is most accurate |
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Cognitive measures |
Highest # of measures
-questionnaires assesing degree of satisfaction w body size, shape and fucntion
-also measures attitudes, beliefs and thoughts about body size, shape and function |
