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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All descriptions in human anatomy are expressed in relation to what?
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Anatomical position
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Fundamental position differs from anatomical position in what way?
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The palms face medially towards the thighs
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What are the planes of the body?
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Frontal/Coronal, Sagittal, Transverse/Horizontal
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What plane divides the body into superior and inferior halves?
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Transverse/horizontal Plane
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What plane divides the body into right and left halves?
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Sagittal Plane
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What does cephalad mean?
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Toward the head
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What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
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Right Upper, left upper, Right lower, left lower quadrants
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What is in the Left Upper Quadrant?
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Stomach and spleen
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What is in the Right Upper Quadrant?
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Liver and gallbladder
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The Posterior Body cavity contains what?
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The Brain and the spinal cord
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The anterior body cavity contains what?
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the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
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What is movement?
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a change in relationship between body parts
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What is flexion?
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Movement in the sagittal plane
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What is abduction?
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movement in the frontal plane away from the anatomical position
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What is adduction?
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movement in the frontal plane back to the anatomical position
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What is foot pronation?
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triplanar movement which combines eversion, horizontal abd and dorsi flexion (in open chain)
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What is foot supination?
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triplanar movement which combines inversion, horizontal adduction and plantar flexion flexion (in open chain)
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In what plane does Internal/external rotation (arm) occur?
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Transverse
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In what plane does Pronation/supination (forearm) occur?
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Transverse
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In what plane does Thumb flexion/extension occur?
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Frontal
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In what plane does Thumb abduction/adduction occur?
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Sagittal
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What are the five main functions of bones?
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Structure/support, movement, protection, mineral storage, and hemopoeisis
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How do bones contribute to structure/support?
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Bones provide support to the soft tissues, attachments for muscles and gives the body its basic shape
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how do bones contribute to movement?
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bones provide the lever systems of the body and muscle attachments required to produce locomotion
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How do bones contribute to mineral storage?
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Bones store Calcium, sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
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How do bones contribute to protection?
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Bones protect most internal organs and brain
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How do bones contribute to hemopoeisis?
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The red marrow of certain bones produces red and white blood cells
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Where does hemopoeisis occur?
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Hemopoeisis occurs within the active (red) marrow of the adult sternum, vertebrae, pelvis (ossa coxae), and proximal ends of bones of thigh and upper arm
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What are the five classifications of bones?
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Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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What are long bones?
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usually function as levers
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What are short bones for?
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act to transfer forces
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What are flat bones for?
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serve for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
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What are irregular bones for?
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have many surface projections for muscle attachment or articulation
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What are sesamoid bones for?
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Change angle of pull, thus increasing strength of certain limbs or digits
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What is motion?
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Displacement of body or segment: translation or rotation
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What is horizontal abduction?
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movement awa from the midline in the horizontal plane
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what is horizontal adduction?
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movement towards teh midline in the horizontal plane
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What is lateral flexion?
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movement from midline in frontal plane (occurs in neck and trunk)
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What is internal rotation?
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reference point turns in, towards midline
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What is external rotation?
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reference point turns out, away from midline
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Word Root: adip
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fat
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Word Root: alg
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pain
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Word Root: angi
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vewssel
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Word Root: arthr
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joint
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Word Root: aut
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self
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Word Root: bio
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life, living
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Word Root: brachi
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arm
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Word Root: bronch
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trachae, windpipe
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Word Root: capt
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head
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Word Root: cardi, cardia, cardio
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heart
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Word Root: caud
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tail
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Word Root: cephal
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head
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Word Root: cerebro
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brain
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Word Root: chondr
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cartilage
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Word Root: crani
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skull
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Word Root: cry, cryo
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cold
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Word Root: cut
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skin
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Word Root: cyt, cyto, cyte
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cell
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Word Root: dactyl
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digits
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Word Root: derma, demato
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skin
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Word Root: dors
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back
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Word Root: ede
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swell
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Word Root: endo
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within
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Word Root:entero
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intestine
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Word Root: erythro
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red
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Word Root: gastr
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stomach
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Word Root: gloss
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tongue
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Word Root: gyn, gyne
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female, women
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Word Root: hem, hemat
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blood
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Word Root: hepar, hepato
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liver
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Word Root: hist
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tissue
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Word Root: hydr
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water
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Word Root: hyster
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uterus
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Word Root: ilio
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ilium
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Word Root: lachry
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tears
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Word Root: lip
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fat
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Word Root: meningo
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membrane
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Word Root: morph
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shape
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Word Root: myelo
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spinal cord
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Word Root: my
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muscle
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Word Root: necr
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corpse, death
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Word Root: nephr
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kidney
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Word Root: neur
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nerve
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Word Root: oculo
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eye
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Word Root: odont
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tooth
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Word Root: ophthalm
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eye
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Word Root: path
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disease
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Word Root: oss, oste
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bone
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Word Root:oto
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ear
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Word Root: ped
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child
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Word Root: pod
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foot
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Word Root: psych
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mind, soul
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Word Root: scler
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hard
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Word Root: soma, somato
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body
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Word Root:spas
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draw, pull
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Word Root: stasis, stat
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stand still
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Word Root: therap
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treatment
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Word Root: troph
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nurture
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Word Root: tox
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poison
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Word Root:trich
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hair
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Word Root: viscer
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organ
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What is ulnar deviation?
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wrist adduction
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what is radial deviation?
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wrist abduction
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What are the two major parts of long bones?
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Diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (two ends)
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What is metaphysis?
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The portion of the long bone between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends, corresponds to the area of the epiphysieal line in ossified bone.
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What is the diaphysis?
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It is the shaft of the long bone, composed primarily of a central cavity that is surrounded by compact bone
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What is another name for the central cavity in the diaphysis?
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medullary cavity
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What does the medullary cavity contain?
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It contains yellow bone marrow which is 96% fat
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What protects compact bone on the diaphysis?
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The periosteum, which is a double protective layer.
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What does the periosteum consist of?
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it consists of an inner reproductive layer called the stratum osteogeneticum, and an outer fibrous layer called the stratum fibrosum.
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What are the two layers of the periosteum?
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the stratum osteogeneticum and the stratum fibrosum
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The periosteum covers all the outer surfaces of long bones except:
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The articular surface, points of attachment for ligaments and tendons, and surface of patella and other sesamoid bones
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What is the articular surface on bones covered with?
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hyaline cartilage
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How does the periosteum attach to the bone?
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it attaches itself with collagen fibers that penetrate the outer layer of bone, these fibers are called perforating fibers.
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What is another name for perforating fibers?
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Sharpey's fibers
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True or False: the periosteum is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves.
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True
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What are the three main purposes of the periosteum?
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Nutrition, protection, and growth/repair
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how does the periosteum give nutrition?
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Through the nutrient foramen and then throughout the rest of the bone through the perforating and central canals.
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How does the periosteum give protection?
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its nerve endings warn the bone of mechanical impact and its elastic membrane surrounds and protects the bone
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how does is the periosteum responsible for growth and repair?
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It is responsible for diametric bone growth, and is critical in formation of new bone following a fracture.
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Where is the primary ossification center located?
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In the mid portion of the diaphysis.
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What are the epiphyses?
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They are the two articulating ends of the long bones
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What is their outer surface made up of?
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It is made up of compact, cortical, or lamellar bone
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What does the interior of the epiphysis consist of?
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It consists of interconnecting spicules of spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone
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What is the most important hematopoietic organ of the body?
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spongy bone
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Does spongy bone contain red bone marrow?
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yes
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Which areas of the body are primarily concerned with erythropoiesis?
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The sternum, vertebrae, portions of the pelvis, and teh proximal epiphyses of the femora and humeri
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What is the epiphyseal plate?
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The tissue in still growing bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis consisting of hyaline cartilage
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Where does mitotic cell division in bone occur?
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Epiphyseal plate.
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The mitotic cell division that takes place in the epiphyseal plate causes what kind of growth?
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longitudinal.
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What do you call the bony junction that occurs when the epiphyseal cartilage ossifies after skeletal growth is complete?
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epiphyseal line
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When does ossification begin in the human body?
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4th week prenatal
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when does ossification generally end?
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25 years old
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When can you observe ossification for the first time in the human body?
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8th week prenatal
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What is intramembranous ossification?
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When the bone develops from direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme.
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where are the bones formed from intramembranous ossification found?
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In the calvaria, facial bones, part of the clavicle, and mandible
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how do most bones form?
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from intracartilaginous ossification (or endochondral ossification)
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spicules are generally located along what?
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major stress lines
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What is wolff's law?
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that trabecular characteristics reflect the lines of force transmission and mechanical stress within bones
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What is the basic unit of structure for compact bone?
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The osteon or Haversian system
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In an osteon, what is it that surrounds the central canal?
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Concentric layers of bone called lamellae
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Which direction do central canals run in the bone?
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Parallel to the bone. Up and down.
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What is contained in the central canal?
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Nerves, aterioles, and venules
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What are small cavities between adjacent lamella called?
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Lacunae
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Each lacunae contains a mature bone cell called what?
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Osteocyte
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All lacunae in the osteon are connected by canals called?
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canaliculi
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The canaliculi provide pathways for what to diffuse from the central canal to the osteocytes within their own osteon?
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nutrients
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Nutrient canals allow what to enter and leave the medullary cavity?
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blood vessels
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Perforating (or volkmanns) canals run perpendicular to central canals and allow the vessels and nerves to communicate between different what?
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Osteons
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In spongy bone, lamallae are not arranged in what manner?
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concentric layers
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Bone tissue consists of a ground substance or a matrix in which are embedded fibers which are impregnated with what?
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bone salts
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In mature bone, 1/5 of the weight of the matrix is from what?
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water
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In mature bone organic material forms what percent of the bone?
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30-40%
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In mature bone, mineral salts form what percent of the bone? (dry weight)
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60-70%
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What are the main organic components of bone mass?
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collagen (90-95%), mucopolysaccharide in combination with non-collagenous protein (1%), and resistant protein (5%)
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Bone salts are important to give the bone rigidity, which are the most important ones?
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Ca, Mg, phosphate, carbonate, hydroxyl chloride, fluoride, and citrate.
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The skull contains how many bones?
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29
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The skull contains how many sutures?
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4
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The cranium ( the part above the eyebrows) contains how many bones?
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8
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Terminology: condyle
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smooth rounded process for articulation
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Terminology: crest
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prominent border or ridge on a bone
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Terminology: epicondyle
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smaller condyle or process above a condyle
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Terminology: facet
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smaller nearly flat articular surface
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Terminology: fissure
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a groove or cleft
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Terminology: foramen
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a hole, opening in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves usually pass
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Terminology: fossa
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depression
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Terminology: fovea
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rounded depression or pit
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Terminology: head
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an enlargement on the end of a bone, often rounded
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Terminology: line
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a less prominent ridge
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Terminology: linea
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a narrow ridge
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Terminology: meatus
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a tube like passageway within a bone
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Terminology: notch
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indentation in a bone
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Terminology: process
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a prominent projection on a bone
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Terminology: ramus
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a strucutre given off from a larger one
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Terminology: sinus
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a cavity or hollow space within a bone
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Terminology: spine
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a sharp thorn-like projection
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Terminology: sulcus
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linear groove, less deep than a fissure
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Terminology: trochanter
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a large, somewhat blunt process
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Terminology: tubercle
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small process
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Terminology: tuberosity
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large, roughened process
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Where is the sagittal suture?
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between the two parietal bones
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Where is the coronal suture?
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between the frontal bone and the parietal bones
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Where is the lambdoid suture?
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between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
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Where is the squamosal suture?
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between the parietal bones and the temporal bones - one on each side of the skull
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Where is the largest fontanel found?
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between the two parietal bones
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Which is the last fontanel to close?
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the one between the parietal bones and the frontal bone, about 18-24 months
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What causes rickets?
|
Vitamin D deficiency
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What are the four steps in bone healing?
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fracture hematoma formation (6-8 hours), Fibrocartilaginous callous formation (last about 3 weeks), Bony callous formation (last about 3-4 months), and remodeling
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What is unique about articular cartilage?
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It has no perichondrium
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How does cartilage maintain its vitality since it is not vascularized?
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Nutrients diffuse through the cartilage tissue
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Cartilage contains relatively few cells.
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true
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What percentage of volume of cartilage is taken up by chondrocytes?
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10-20%
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What does the extracellular tissue in cartilage mainly consist of?
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large hydrated proteoglycan aggregates, entrapped within a matrix of collagen fibrils
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extracellular material, which is highly hydrated and contains up to how much water by weight? %
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80%
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Cartilage is firm and flexible connective tissue, capable of rapid growth and specialized to absorb and resist compression
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true
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Since it has no perichondrium, what is it that protects articular cartilage?
|
it is protected by a nutritive and lubricating medium, the synovial fluid of the joint
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In cartilage, the matrix is predominantly made of what type of collagen fiber, which forms a meshwork of high tensile-strength fibrils
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Type 2
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What type of cartilage Covers articulating bone ends of diarthrodial joints (one exception: TMJ)
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Hyaline
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What type of cartilage is Found in the external ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx
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elastic
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What type of cartilage make up the Menisci and outer covering of intervertebral disks
|
Fibro
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Articular cartilage is stratified
|
True
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Superficial , middle and deep zones have differences in terms of chondrocyte number, shape, orientation, proteoglycans and water content.
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True
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Which zone has collagen fibrils running parallel to articular surface. This zone is most exposed to loading and is the zone with the highest tensile property.
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Superficial
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Cartilage PG are large protein-polysaccharide molecules
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True
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PG monomers (subunits) consist of an approximately 200 nm long protein core to which about 150 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are covalently attached
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true
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2 sulfated glycosaminoglycan aka GAGs(Keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate)
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True
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proteoglycan aka PG monomers look like bottle-brush-like structures with GAGs attached to and radiating perpendicularly from the protein core
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true
|
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What are the three main levels of skin?
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Epidermis
Dermis Hypodermis |
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Which layer of skin is a Superficial protective layer?
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epidermis
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Which layers of skin are composed of dead skin cells?
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All but deepest layers are composed of dead cells
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How many layers of skin are in the epidermis?
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4 on the body and 5 on palms of hands and on bottoms of feet
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What are the layers of epidermis called from bottom to top?
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Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum stratum corneum |
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The dermis is deeper and thicker than the epidermis
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True
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Elastic and collagenous fibers within the dermis are arranged in definite patterns, producing what?
|
Lines of tension, which is used for surgical incisions
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This layer contains many sweat glands, oil-secreting glands, nerve endings, and hair follicles
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Dermis
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How many layers are in the dermis?
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2, it can be stretched
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What leads to wrinkles and skin sagging as a person ages?
|
A decrease in elasticity of the skin.
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Another word for hypodermis is what?
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Subcutaneous tissue
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What does the hypodermis do?
|
it binds to dermis to underlying organs
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What is the hypodermis made up of?
|
loose connective tissue
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What does skin do for us?
|
Physical protection
Hydroregulation Thermoregulation Cutaneous absorption Synthesis Sensory reception communication |
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What is needed for the synthesis of vitamin D in our bodies?
|
small amounts of UV light
|
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What bone is often referred to as the “bridging bone” because it unites many of the cranial bones and facial bones
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the sphenoid bone
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What runs through the foramen lacerum in the skull?
|
Nerves and arteries and veins
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Where does the carotid artery enter the skull?
|
The carotid canal
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What is craniosynostosis?
|
A premature closure of the sagittal suture.
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What problem does a premature closure of the sagittal suture cause?
|
Craniosynostosis.
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Where are the auditory ossicles found?
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Inside the petrous portion of the temporal bone
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|
How many cervical vertabrae are there?
|
7
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How many thoracic vertabrae are there?
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12
|
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How many lumbar vertabrae are there?
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5
|
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Lordosis is synonymous with what?
|
concave
|
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Kyphosis is synonymous with what?
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convex
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What portions of the back have lordosis?
|
cervical and lumbar vertabrae
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what portions of the back have kyphosis?
|
thoracic and sacrum
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What is the anterior portion of the vertabrae called?
|
the body or the centrum
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whatis the posterior portion of the vertabrae called?
|
neural or vertebral
|
|
Collar of the Scotty dog at L5 indicates a fracture of what?
|
the pars interarticularis
|
|
What are the characteristics of a female pelvis?
|
inlet more oval
wider shorter ( more shallow) acetabulum smaller, directed more laterally ischial spines further apart pubic angle > 90 degrees |
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What are the characteristics of a male pelvis?
|
inlet heart-shaped
narrower longer Acetabulum larger, directed more anteriorly pubic angle < 90 degrees |
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A skin area innervated by the sensory fibers of a single nerve root is known as what?
|
A dermatome
|
|
A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root is known as what?
|
myotome
|
|
If you injured C3-C5 what would be the effect?
|
Diaphragm would be affected, as would breathing.
|
|
If you injured C5-C6, what would be affected?
|
Elbow flexors, biceps brachii and brachialis
|
|
if you injured C6-C7, what would be affected?
|
Wrist extensors
|
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if you injured C7-C8 what would be affected?
|
Elbow extensor, Triceps brachii
|
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if you injured C8-T1 what would be affected?
|
Hand intrinsics
|
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If you injured L2-L3, what would be affected?
|
Hip adductors; adductor longus and brevis
|
|
if you injured L3-L4 what would be affected?
|
Knee extensors, quadriceps
|
|
If you injured L4-L5 what would be affected?
|
Ankle dorsiflexors; tibialis anterior
|
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If you injured L5-S1 what would be affected?
|
the great toe extensor, extensor hallucis longus
|
|
if you injured S1-S2 what would be affected?
|
Ankle plantarflexors, Gastrocnemeus and soleus
|
|
If you injured S2-S4 what would be affected?
|
Anal sphincter-- ah, I pooped myself!
|
|
What serves as an attachment to stomach muscles?
|
zyphoid process
|
|
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
|
1-7
|
|
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
|
8-10
|
|
Which ribs are considered floating ribs?
|
11-12
|
|
What is the costal margin?
|
The fusion of the costal cartilage for the false ribs
|
|
Where is the attachment site of the ligamentum capitis femoris?
|
The fovea of the head
|
|
What is the angle of inclination?
|
It is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck to that of the femoral shaft in the frontal plane
|
|
What is considered the normal angle of inclination?
|
125 degrees
|
|
What is considered to be coxa valga in the angle of inclination?
|
angle of inclination > 125º
|
|
What is considered to be coxa vara in the angle of inclination?
|
angle of inclination < 125º
|
|
What is the normal angle of femoral torsion?
|
15 degrees
|
|
What is the angle of anteversion? (angle of femoral torsion)
|
It is the angle of the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck to the line connecting posterior aspect of both femoral condyles in the transverse plane
|
|
What gait does anteversion cause??
|
toeing in gait
|
|
What gait does retroversion cause?
|
toeing out gait
|
|
The humeral head is angled in what two planes?
|
Frontal and Transverse planes
|
|
What is the angle of the head of the humerus in respect to the shaft?
|
the head in the frontal plane is angled 130 - 150 with respect to the shaft
|
|
What is a normal carrying angle?
|
10-15 degrees
|
|
What nerve runs through the carpal tunnel?
|
The median nerve
|
|
What arches over the deep groove on the palmar surface of carpals; through here the long flexor tendons and median nerve pass?
|
The flexor retinaculum
|
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Where is the grip tighter on the hand? Radially or ulnarly?
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Ulnarly
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What joint is composed of the radius and the radioulnar disk, with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum?
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Radiocarpal joint
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What joint is composed of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum with the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate?
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Midcarpal joint
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