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275 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
All descriptions in human anatomy are expressed in relation to what?
Anatomical position
Fundamental position differs from anatomical position in what way?
The palms face medially towards the thighs
What are the planes of the body?
Frontal/Coronal, Sagittal, Transverse/Horizontal
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior halves?
Transverse/horizontal Plane
What plane divides the body into right and left halves?
Sagittal Plane
What does cephalad mean?
Toward the head
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right Upper, left upper, Right lower, left lower quadrants
What is in the Left Upper Quadrant?
Stomach and spleen
What is in the Right Upper Quadrant?
Liver and gallbladder
The Posterior Body cavity contains what?
The Brain and the spinal cord
The anterior body cavity contains what?
the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
What is movement?
a change in relationship between body parts
What is flexion?
Movement in the sagittal plane
What is abduction?
movement in the frontal plane away from the anatomical position
What is adduction?
movement in the frontal plane back to the anatomical position
What is foot pronation?
triplanar movement which combines eversion, horizontal abd and dorsi flexion (in open chain)
What is foot supination?
triplanar movement which combines inversion, horizontal adduction and plantar flexion flexion (in open chain)
In what plane does Internal/external rotation (arm) occur?
Transverse
In what plane does Pronation/supination (forearm) occur?
Transverse
In what plane does Thumb flexion/extension occur?
Frontal
In what plane does Thumb abduction/adduction occur?
Sagittal
What are the five main functions of bones?
Structure/support, movement, protection, mineral storage, and hemopoeisis
How do bones contribute to structure/support?
Bones provide support to the soft tissues, attachments for muscles and gives the body its basic shape
how do bones contribute to movement?
bones provide the lever systems of the body and muscle attachments required to produce locomotion
How do bones contribute to mineral storage?
Bones store Calcium, sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
How do bones contribute to protection?
Bones protect most internal organs and brain
How do bones contribute to hemopoeisis?
The red marrow of certain bones produces red and white blood cells
Where does hemopoeisis occur?
Hemopoeisis occurs within the active (red) marrow of the adult sternum, vertebrae, pelvis (ossa coxae), and proximal ends of bones of thigh and upper arm
What are the five classifications of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
What are long bones?
usually function as levers
What are short bones for?
act to transfer forces
What are flat bones for?
serve for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs
What are irregular bones for?
have many surface projections for muscle attachment or articulation
What are sesamoid bones for?
Change angle of pull, thus increasing strength of certain limbs or digits
What is motion?
Displacement of body or segment: translation or rotation
What is horizontal abduction?
movement awa from the midline in the horizontal plane
what is horizontal adduction?
movement towards teh midline in the horizontal plane
What is lateral flexion?
movement from midline in frontal plane (occurs in neck and trunk)
What is internal rotation?
reference point turns in, towards midline
What is external rotation?
reference point turns out, away from midline
Word Root: adip
fat
Word Root: alg
pain
Word Root: angi
vewssel
Word Root: arthr
joint
Word Root: aut
self
Word Root: bio
life, living
Word Root: brachi
arm
Word Root: bronch
trachae, windpipe
Word Root: capt
head
Word Root: cardi, cardia, cardio
heart
Word Root: caud
tail
Word Root: cephal
head
Word Root: cerebro
brain
Word Root: chondr
cartilage
Word Root: crani
skull
Word Root: cry, cryo
cold
Word Root: cut
skin
Word Root: cyt, cyto, cyte
cell
Word Root: dactyl
digits
Word Root: derma, demato
skin
Word Root: dors
back
Word Root: ede
swell
Word Root: endo
within
Word Root:entero
intestine
Word Root: erythro
red
Word Root: gastr
stomach
Word Root: gloss
tongue
Word Root: gyn, gyne
female, women
Word Root: hem, hemat
blood
Word Root: hepar, hepato
liver
Word Root: hist
tissue
Word Root: hydr
water
Word Root: hyster
uterus
Word Root: ilio
ilium
Word Root: lachry
tears
Word Root: lip
fat
Word Root: meningo
membrane
Word Root: morph
shape
Word Root: myelo
spinal cord
Word Root: my
muscle
Word Root: necr
corpse, death
Word Root: nephr
kidney
Word Root: neur
nerve
Word Root: oculo
eye
Word Root: odont
tooth
Word Root: ophthalm
eye
Word Root: path
disease
Word Root: oss, oste
bone
Word Root:oto
ear
Word Root: ped
child
Word Root: pod
foot
Word Root: psych
mind, soul
Word Root: scler
hard
Word Root: soma, somato
body
Word Root:spas
draw, pull
Word Root: stasis, stat
stand still
Word Root: therap
treatment
Word Root: troph
nurture
Word Root: tox
poison
Word Root:trich
hair
Word Root: viscer
organ
What is ulnar deviation?
wrist adduction
what is radial deviation?
wrist abduction
What are the two major parts of long bones?
Diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (two ends)
What is metaphysis?
The portion of the long bone between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends, corresponds to the area of the epiphysieal line in ossified bone.
What is the diaphysis?
It is the shaft of the long bone, composed primarily of a central cavity that is surrounded by compact bone
What is another name for the central cavity in the diaphysis?
medullary cavity
What does the medullary cavity contain?
It contains yellow bone marrow which is 96% fat
What protects compact bone on the diaphysis?
The periosteum, which is a double protective layer.
What does the periosteum consist of?
it consists of an inner reproductive layer called the stratum osteogeneticum, and an outer fibrous layer called the stratum fibrosum.
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
the stratum osteogeneticum and the stratum fibrosum
The periosteum covers all the outer surfaces of long bones except:
The articular surface, points of attachment for ligaments and tendons, and surface of patella and other sesamoid bones
What is the articular surface on bones covered with?
hyaline cartilage
How does the periosteum attach to the bone?
it attaches itself with collagen fibers that penetrate the outer layer of bone, these fibers are called perforating fibers.
What is another name for perforating fibers?
Sharpey's fibers
True or False: the periosteum is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves.
True
What are the three main purposes of the periosteum?
Nutrition, protection, and growth/repair
how does the periosteum give nutrition?
Through the nutrient foramen and then throughout the rest of the bone through the perforating and central canals.
How does the periosteum give protection?
its nerve endings warn the bone of mechanical impact and its elastic membrane surrounds and protects the bone
how does is the periosteum responsible for growth and repair?
It is responsible for diametric bone growth, and is critical in formation of new bone following a fracture.
Where is the primary ossification center located?
In the mid portion of the diaphysis.
What are the epiphyses?
They are the two articulating ends of the long bones
What is their outer surface made up of?
It is made up of compact, cortical, or lamellar bone
What does the interior of the epiphysis consist of?
It consists of interconnecting spicules of spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone
What is the most important hematopoietic organ of the body?
spongy bone
Does spongy bone contain red bone marrow?
yes
Which areas of the body are primarily concerned with erythropoiesis?
The sternum, vertebrae, portions of the pelvis, and teh proximal epiphyses of the femora and humeri
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The tissue in still growing bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis consisting of hyaline cartilage
Where does mitotic cell division in bone occur?
Epiphyseal plate.
The mitotic cell division that takes place in the epiphyseal plate causes what kind of growth?
longitudinal.
What do you call the bony junction that occurs when the epiphyseal cartilage ossifies after skeletal growth is complete?
epiphyseal line
When does ossification begin in the human body?
4th week prenatal
when does ossification generally end?
25 years old
When can you observe ossification for the first time in the human body?
8th week prenatal
What is intramembranous ossification?
When the bone develops from direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme.
where are the bones formed from intramembranous ossification found?
In the calvaria, facial bones, part of the clavicle, and mandible
how do most bones form?
from intracartilaginous ossification (or endochondral ossification)
spicules are generally located along what?
major stress lines
What is wolff's law?
that trabecular characteristics reflect the lines of force transmission and mechanical stress within bones
What is the basic unit of structure for compact bone?
The osteon or Haversian system
In an osteon, what is it that surrounds the central canal?
Concentric layers of bone called lamellae
Which direction do central canals run in the bone?
Parallel to the bone. Up and down.
What is contained in the central canal?
Nerves, aterioles, and venules
What are small cavities between adjacent lamella called?
Lacunae
Each lacunae contains a mature bone cell called what?
Osteocyte
All lacunae in the osteon are connected by canals called?
canaliculi
The canaliculi provide pathways for what to diffuse from the central canal to the osteocytes within their own osteon?
nutrients
Nutrient canals allow what to enter and leave the medullary cavity?
blood vessels
Perforating (or volkmanns) canals run perpendicular to central canals and allow the vessels and nerves to communicate between different what?
Osteons
In spongy bone, lamallae are not arranged in what manner?
concentric layers
Bone tissue consists of a ground substance or a matrix in which are embedded fibers which are impregnated with what?
bone salts
In mature bone, 1/5 of the weight of the matrix is from what?
water
In mature bone organic material forms what percent of the bone?
30-40%
In mature bone, mineral salts form what percent of the bone? (dry weight)
60-70%
What are the main organic components of bone mass?
collagen (90-95%), mucopolysaccharide in combination with non-collagenous protein (1%), and resistant protein (5%)
Bone salts are important to give the bone rigidity, which are the most important ones?
Ca, Mg, phosphate, carbonate, hydroxyl chloride, fluoride, and citrate.
The skull contains how many bones?
29
The skull contains how many sutures?
4
The cranium ( the part above the eyebrows) contains how many bones?
8
Terminology: condyle
smooth rounded process for articulation
Terminology: crest
prominent border or ridge on a bone
Terminology: epicondyle
smaller condyle or process above a condyle
Terminology: facet
smaller nearly flat articular surface
Terminology: fissure
a groove or cleft
Terminology: foramen
a hole, opening in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves usually pass
Terminology: fossa
depression
Terminology: fovea
rounded depression or pit
Terminology: head
an enlargement on the end of a bone, often rounded
Terminology: line
a less prominent ridge
Terminology: linea
a narrow ridge
Terminology: meatus
a tube like passageway within a bone
Terminology: notch
indentation in a bone
Terminology: process
a prominent projection on a bone
Terminology: ramus
a strucutre given off from a larger one
Terminology: sinus
a cavity or hollow space within a bone
Terminology: spine
a sharp thorn-like projection
Terminology: sulcus
linear groove, less deep than a fissure
Terminology: trochanter
a large, somewhat blunt process
Terminology: tubercle
small process
Terminology: tuberosity
large, roughened process
Where is the sagittal suture?
between the two parietal bones
Where is the coronal suture?
between the frontal bone and the parietal bones
Where is the lambdoid suture?
between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Where is the squamosal suture?
between the parietal bones and the temporal bones - one on each side of the skull
Where is the largest fontanel found?
between the two parietal bones
Which is the last fontanel to close?
the one between the parietal bones and the frontal bone, about 18-24 months
What causes rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency
What are the four steps in bone healing?
fracture hematoma formation (6-8 hours), Fibrocartilaginous callous formation (last about 3 weeks), Bony callous formation (last about 3-4 months), and remodeling
What is unique about articular cartilage?
It has no perichondrium
How does cartilage maintain its vitality since it is not vascularized?
Nutrients diffuse through the cartilage tissue
Cartilage contains relatively few cells.
true
What percentage of volume of cartilage is taken up by chondrocytes?
10-20%
What does the extracellular tissue in cartilage mainly consist of?
large hydrated proteoglycan aggregates, entrapped within a matrix of collagen fibrils
extracellular material, which is highly hydrated and contains up to how much water by weight? %
80%
Cartilage is firm and flexible connective tissue, capable of rapid growth and specialized to absorb and resist compression
true
Since it has no perichondrium, what is it that protects articular cartilage?
it is protected by a nutritive and lubricating medium, the synovial fluid of the joint
In cartilage, the matrix is predominantly made of what type of collagen fiber, which forms a meshwork of high tensile-strength fibrils
Type 2
What type of cartilage Covers articulating bone ends of diarthrodial joints (one exception: TMJ)
Hyaline
What type of cartilage is Found in the external ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, larynx
elastic
What type of cartilage make up the Menisci and outer covering of intervertebral disks
Fibro
Articular cartilage is stratified
True
Superficial , middle and deep zones have differences in terms of chondrocyte number, shape, orientation, proteoglycans and water content.
True
Which zone has collagen fibrils running parallel to articular surface. This zone is most exposed to loading and is the zone with the highest tensile property.
Superficial
Cartilage PG are large protein-polysaccharide molecules
True
PG monomers (subunits) consist of an approximately 200 nm long protein core to which about 150 glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are covalently attached
true
2 sulfated glycosaminoglycan aka GAGs(Keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate)
True
proteoglycan aka PG monomers look like bottle-brush-like structures with GAGs attached to and radiating perpendicularly from the protein core
true
What are the three main levels of skin?
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Which layer of skin is a Superficial protective layer?
epidermis
Which layers of skin are composed of dead skin cells?
All but deepest layers are composed of dead cells
How many layers of skin are in the epidermis?
4 on the body and 5 on palms of hands and on bottoms of feet
What are the layers of epidermis called from bottom to top?
Stratum basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
The dermis is deeper and thicker than the epidermis
True
Elastic and collagenous fibers within the dermis are arranged in definite patterns, producing what?
Lines of tension, which is used for surgical incisions
This layer contains many sweat glands, oil-secreting glands, nerve endings, and hair follicles
Dermis
How many layers are in the dermis?
2, it can be stretched
What leads to wrinkles and skin sagging as a person ages?
A decrease in elasticity of the skin.
Another word for hypodermis is what?
Subcutaneous tissue
What does the hypodermis do?
it binds to dermis to underlying organs
What is the hypodermis made up of?
loose connective tissue
What does skin do for us?
Physical protection
Hydroregulation
Thermoregulation
Cutaneous absorption
Synthesis
Sensory reception
communication
What is needed for the synthesis of vitamin D in our bodies?
small amounts of UV light
What bone is often referred to as the “bridging bone” because it unites many of the cranial bones and facial bones
the sphenoid bone
What runs through the foramen lacerum in the skull?
Nerves and arteries and veins
Where does the carotid artery enter the skull?
The carotid canal
What is craniosynostosis?
A premature closure of the sagittal suture.
What problem does a premature closure of the sagittal suture cause?
Craniosynostosis.
Where are the auditory ossicles found?
Inside the petrous portion of the temporal bone
How many cervical vertabrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertabrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertabrae are there?
5
Lordosis is synonymous with what?
concave
Kyphosis is synonymous with what?
convex
What portions of the back have lordosis?
cervical and lumbar vertabrae
what portions of the back have kyphosis?
thoracic and sacrum
What is the anterior portion of the vertabrae called?
the body or the centrum
whatis the posterior portion of the vertabrae called?
neural or vertebral
Collar of the Scotty dog at L5 indicates a fracture of what?
the pars interarticularis
What are the characteristics of a female pelvis?
inlet more oval
wider
shorter ( more shallow)
acetabulum smaller, directed more laterally
ischial spines further apart
pubic angle > 90 degrees
What are the characteristics of a male pelvis?
inlet heart-shaped
narrower
longer
Acetabulum larger, directed more anteriorly
pubic angle < 90 degrees
A skin area innervated by the sensory fibers of a single nerve root is known as what?
A dermatome
A group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root is known as what?
myotome
If you injured C3-C5 what would be the effect?
Diaphragm would be affected, as would breathing.
If you injured C5-C6, what would be affected?
Elbow flexors, biceps brachii and brachialis
if you injured C6-C7, what would be affected?
Wrist extensors
if you injured C7-C8 what would be affected?
Elbow extensor, Triceps brachii
if you injured C8-T1 what would be affected?
Hand intrinsics
If you injured L2-L3, what would be affected?
Hip adductors; adductor longus and brevis
if you injured L3-L4 what would be affected?
Knee extensors, quadriceps
If you injured L4-L5 what would be affected?
Ankle dorsiflexors; tibialis anterior
If you injured L5-S1 what would be affected?
the great toe extensor, extensor hallucis longus
if you injured S1-S2 what would be affected?
Ankle plantarflexors, Gastrocnemeus and soleus
If you injured S2-S4 what would be affected?
Anal sphincter-- ah, I pooped myself!
What serves as an attachment to stomach muscles?
zyphoid process
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
1-7
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
8-10
Which ribs are considered floating ribs?
11-12
What is the costal margin?
The fusion of the costal cartilage for the false ribs
Where is the attachment site of the ligamentum capitis femoris?
The fovea of the head
What is the angle of inclination?
It is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck to that of the femoral shaft in the frontal plane
What is considered the normal angle of inclination?
125 degrees
What is considered to be coxa valga in the angle of inclination?
angle of inclination > 125º
What is considered to be coxa vara in the angle of inclination?
angle of inclination < 125º
What is the normal angle of femoral torsion?
15 degrees
What is the angle of anteversion? (angle of femoral torsion)
It is the angle of the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck to the line connecting posterior aspect of both femoral condyles in the transverse plane
What gait does anteversion cause??
toeing in gait
What gait does retroversion cause?
toeing out gait
The humeral head is angled in what two planes?
Frontal and Transverse planes
What is the angle of the head of the humerus in respect to the shaft?
the head in the frontal plane is angled 130 - 150 with respect to the shaft
What is a normal carrying angle?
10-15 degrees
What nerve runs through the carpal tunnel?
The median nerve
What arches over the deep groove on the palmar surface of carpals; through here the long flexor tendons and median nerve pass?
The flexor retinaculum
Where is the grip tighter on the hand? Radially or ulnarly?
Ulnarly
What joint is composed of the radius and the radioulnar disk, with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum?
Radiocarpal joint
What joint is composed of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum with the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate?
Midcarpal joint