Exploring Psychology Chapter 12

Front 1

personality

Back 1

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Front 2

psychodynamic theories

Back 2

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Front 3

psychoanalysis

Back 3

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Front 4

unconscious

Back 4

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Front 5

free association

Back 5

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Front 6

id

Back 6

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Front 7

ego

Back 7

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Front 8

superego

Back 8

the part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and future aspirations

Front 9

psychosexual stages

Back 9

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Front 10

Oedipus complex

Back 10

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Front 11

identification

Back 11

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Front 12

fixation

Back 12

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Front 13

defense mechanisms

Back 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Front 14

repression

Back 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Front 15

regression

Back 15

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Front 16

reaction formation

Back 16

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites, like in repressing angry feelings, one displays exaggerated friendliness

Front 17

projection

Back 17

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Front 18

rationalization

Back 18

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

Front 19

displacement

Back 19

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Front 20

denial

Back 20

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Front 21

collective unconscious

Back 21

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Front 22

projective test

Back 22

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Front 23

self-actualization

Back 23

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. 3 factors for achieving: be spontaneous, persevere, appreciate nature

Front 24

unconditional positive regard

Back 24

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Front 25

self-concept

Back 25

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?"

Front 26

trait

Back 26

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Front 27

self

Back 27

assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Front 28

spotlight effect

Back 28

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders

Front 29

self-esteem

Back 29

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Front 30

self-efficacy

Back 30

one's sense of competence and effectiveness, developed by Bandura

Front 31

self-serving bias

Back 31

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Front 32

narcissism

Back 32

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Front 33

individualism

Back 33

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Front 34

collectivism

Back 34

giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Front 35

mutual constitution

Back 35

creating culture but also interact with cultural norms

Front 36

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 36

6. self-transcendence

5. self-actualization

4. esteem needs

3 belongingness and love needs

2. safety needs

1. physiological needs